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Thomson, D. M. 2006. Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case
study of competition between <i>Apis </i>and <i>Bombus</i>. Oikos
<b>114</b>:407-418.<br><br>
Developing tools for rapid assessment of introduced species impacts is
one of the most important challenges in invasion ecology. Most
assessments of impact rely on correlational data or other indirect
measures. Yet few studies have evaluated invasion effects using multiple,
simultaneously applied monitoring and experimental approaches, in order
to compare easily obtained metrics with more difficult but direct
measures of reproductive success or population dynamics. In this study, I
use data from an experimental test of introduced honey bee (<i>Apis
mellifera</i>) impacts on native bumble bees (<i>Bombus</i> spp.) to
address two major questions: 1) how well did observational data on niche
overlap and spatial correlations between <i>Apis</i> and <i>Bombus</i>
predict the results of experimental tests of competitive effects? and 2)
how well did effects of the experimental <i>Apis</i> manipulations on
<i>Bombus</i> foragers, which are easy to observe, predict changes in
reproductive success of colonies, which are difficult to measure? Niche
overlap between <i>Apis</i> and <i>Bombus</i> varied substantially, but
increased to levels as high as 80–90% during periods of resource
scarcity. Correlations between numbers of <i>Apis</i> foragers and
numbers of <i>Bombus</i> foragers were also highly variable, but I
detected a significant negative relationship in only one of the seven
months observed. In contrast, the experimental results showed that mean
numbers of <i>Bombus</i> foragers observed on a given transect increased
significantly with greater distance from introduced <i>Apis</i> colonies.
Of these three measures (niche overlap, correlations in abundances, and
effects of experimental introductions), only the experimental data on
forager abundances accurately estimated competitive effects on colony
reproductive success previously reported for the same experiment, and the
correlational data in particular completely failed to predict the effects
observed in the experimental study. This work suggests that great caution
is warranted in making assessments of invasion impact on the basis of
spatial or temporal correlations between invasive and native species.
Thus, investing in even small and limited experimental studies may be
more valuable than extensive observational work in quantifying invasion
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