<html>
<body>
Cheptou, P.-O., and L. G. Avendano V. 2006. Pollination processes and the
Allee effect in highly fragmented populations: consequences for the
mating system in urban environments. New Phytologist
<b>172</b>:774-783.<br><br>
The urban environment was used to study the plant reproductive system in
small fragmented populations as well as the potential adaptations of
plants to urban conditions. We examined the effect of density on the
pollination process and on reproduction in urban populations of the
allogamous species <i>Crepis sancta</i>. The habitat is composed of small
uncultivated square patches (<i>c</i>. 2 m<sup>2</sup>) regularly spaced
along the pavement in streets of the city of Montpellier,
France.<br><br>
Pollinator behaviour (the presence of pollinators, the number of flowers
visited and the duration of each visit) and seed set as a function of the
number of plants in patches and selfing rates, determined using progeny
array analysis, were studied. The propensity for the urban populations to
produce seeds by self-fertilization in insect-proof glasshouse was also
analysed.<br><br>
We found strong evidence of reduced pollinator activities at low
densities, resulting in reduced pollination and a reduction in seed set
from 80 to 20% of ovules fertilized (the Allee effect).<br><br>
Progeny array analysis revealed a slight increase (marginally
significant) in selfing rates in urban populations compared with large
populations. In spite of lower pollinator activity, urban populations did
not show a greater ability to self-fertilize compared with rural
populations from the nearby countryside.<br>
</body>
</html>