<br><font size=3 face="sans-serif">Below are excerpts pertaining to pollinators/pollinator
issues from the latest Non-Wood Forest Products Digest ...the link to the
full digest is listed below...</font>
<br>
<br><font size=1 color=#800080 face="sans-serif">----- Forwarded by Patricia
De Angelis/ARL/R9/FWS/DOI on 01/18/2008 04:02 PM -----</font>
<br>
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<td width=40%><font size=1 face="sans-serif"><b>"Etherington, Tina
(FOIP)" <Tina.Etherington@fao.org></b> </font>
<p><font size=1 face="sans-serif">01/15/2008 09:31 AM</font>
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<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">To</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">nwfp-digest-L@mailserv.fao.org</font>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">cc</font></div>
<td>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Subject</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">NWFP-Digest-L No. 1/08</font></table>
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<br>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">NWFP-Digest-L</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">No. 1/08</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Welcome to the first issue of 2008 of FAO’s
NWFP-Digest-L, a free e-mail journal that covers all aspects of non-wood
forest products. Back issues of the Digest may be found on FAO's NWFP home
page: </font><a href=http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/12980/en target=_blank><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>www.fao.org/forestry/site/12980/en</u></font></a><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial">.
</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">You can take part in contributing to the
continued success of this newsletter by sharing with the NWFP community
any news that you may have regarding research, events, publications and
projects. Kindly send such information to </font><a href="mailto:NWFP-Digest-L@mailserv.fao.org"><font size=2 color=#3366ff face="Arial"><u>NWFP-Digest-L@mailserv.fao.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">.
We also appreciate any comments or feedback.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">A special thank you to all those who have
sent me links to information.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">==============================================================</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>PRODUCTS</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>4.
Honey - nature's infection-fighter - making a medical comeback</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: The Canadian Press, 26 December
2007</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Trenton, N.J. - Amid growing concern over
drug-resistant superbugs and nonhealing wounds that endanger diabetes patients,
nature's original antibiotic – honey – is making a comeback.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
More than 4,000 years after Egyptians began applying honey to wounds, Derma
Sciences Inc., a New Jersey company that makes medicated and other advanced
wound-care products, began selling the first honey-based dressing this
fall after it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Called Medihoney, it is made from a highly absorbent seaweed-based material,
saturated with manuka honey, a particularly potent type that experts say
kills germs and speeds healing. Also called Leptospermum honey, manuka
honey comes from hives of bees that collect nectar from manuka and jelly
bushes in Australia and New Zealand.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Derma Sciences now sells two Medihoney dressings to hospitals, clinics
and doctors in North and South America under a deal with supplier Comvita
LP of New Zealand. Derma Sciences hopes to have its dressings in U.S. drug
stores in the next six months, followed by adhesive strips.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Comvita, which controls about 75 per cent of the world's manuka honey supply,
sells similar products under its own name in Australia, New Zealand and
Europe, where such products have been popular for over a decade.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
"The reason that Medihoney is so exciting is that antibiotics are
becoming ineffective at fighting pathogens," said Derma Sciences CEO
Ed Quilty. Another big advantage, he said, is that the dressings' germ-fighting
and fluid-absorbing effects last up to a week, making them convenient for
patients being cared for at outpatient clinics or by visiting nurses. They
also reduce inflammation and can eliminate the foul odours of infected
wounds.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Since receiving FDA approval, Medihoney has brought in sales of $150,000
in 10 weeks and Quilty plans to nearly double his 15-person sales force
in 2008 thanks to the two new Medihoney products.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Honey dressings and gels, as well as tubes of manuka honey, have been gaining
in popularity overseas, fuelled by scientific reports on their medical
benefits and occasional news accounts of the dramatic recovery of a patient
with a longtime wound that suddenly healed.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Regular honey can have mild medicinal benefits. A study published Dec.
3 showed it helps to calm children's coughs so they can sleep. But manuka
honey is far more potent, research shows.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Dr. Robert Frykberg, chief of podiatry at the Veterans Affairs Medical
Center in Phoenix, said the Medihoney product has worked on about half
the patients with diabetic foot ulcers who have used it. He said the Medihoney
dressing can also prevent the dangerous drug-resistant staph infection
known as MRSA from infecting open wounds.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
"It's been used on wounds where nothing else will work," said
biochemist Peter Molan, a professor at the University of Waikato in New
Zealand who has researched honey and other natural antibiotics for 25 years.
He's found manuka honey can kill the toughest bacteria even when diluted
10 times and recommends it especially for people with weak immune systems.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href=http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hz4erE0iYmtSAGrLGTVAJK5fMZgQ><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hz4erE0iYmtSAGrLGTVAJK5fMZgQ</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<div align=center>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">BACK TO </font><a href=#top><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>TOP</u></font></a></div>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>5.
Honey fails ulcer test</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: StaffNurse.com, UK, 10 January
2008</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Some recent studies have found healing properties
in honey - but a new study suggests it should not be used to treat leg
ulcers. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Researchers from New Zealand found it did not improve the rate of healing
and also led to an increase in complications. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The study compared conventional dressings with dressings impregnated with
honey. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The findings, which involved some 386 patients, have been published in
the British <i>Journal of Surgery</i>. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Researchers said there was no difference in the rate of healing between
patients - but the honey treatment was more expensive. Researcher Dr Andrew
Jull, of the University of Auckland, said: "In our trial the honey
dressing did not significantly improve healing, time to healing, change
in ulcer area, incidence of infection or quality of life.”The current
focus of venous ulcer management should remain on compression and other
treatments that have demonstrated that they improve compression’s ability
to work or prevent ulcer recurrence." </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href="http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/honey-fails-ulcer-test-2804.html"><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/honey-fails-ulcer-test-2804.html</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<div align=center>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">BACK TO </font><a href=#top><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>TOP</u></font></a></div>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>6.
Honey: A tree full of honey </b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: Hindu, India, 4 January 2008</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><i> </i></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Bangalore: The banyan tree near Nandagudi
in Hoskote taluk of Bangalore Rural district that has the ‘world’s largest
number of beehives’. This unique tree has as many as 600 beehives and
is being pegged for an International Heritage Site tag. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Education, Research and
Training (INCERT) is making efforts to get this matchless tree get recognised
as an International Heritage Site so as to create awareness about the importance
of this bee colony. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Speaking to <i>The Hindu,</i> M.S. Reddy, Reader, Department of Zoology,
Bangalore University, said that the banyan tree was being monitored by
apiculturists for more than a decade, and their records show that there
were approximately 625 bee colonies around November 2005. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
A survey conducted in October 2007 revealed the number of hives in the
tree to be around 575. Dr. Reddy said: “The effort to recognise this tree
as an International Heritage Site will not only help horticulture prosperity,
but also play a vital role in protection of the environment and maintaining
the ecological balance as bees, through pollination, help increase the
biodiversity.”</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The banyan tree is largely surrounded by eucalyptus trees whose flowers
are a major source of nectar to the bees. During the monsoon, the size
of the colony reduces as the rock bees migrate due to lack of flowering
in the eucalyptus trees. Dr. Reddy said: “To prevent this migration, the
villagers in the vicinity are being encouraged into agricultural activities
like coconut plantations and floriculture which may help create sustenance
to the bee colony. This is so that the bees may thrive on them round the
year and do not have to migrate in the monsoon season.”</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Even the villagers have stopped extracting honey for the past three years
after they were informed that their unskilled methods of extraction led
to the decline in the number of beehives, he added. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/04/stories/2008010454310400.htm><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/04/stories/2008010454310400.htm</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>8.
Medicinal insects: Scientists discuss medicinal insects</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: VietNamNet Bridge, Vietnam, 7
January 2008</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Over 200 scientists and doctors gathered
in Hanoi at a conference about using insects in medicines last week. They
are planning a five-year project researching medicinal insects. The conference
attracted scientists and doctors from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment as
well as hospitals and universities. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
This is the first time scientists and doctors have convened at a seminar
to discuss using insects medicinally.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
At the seminar, Dr. Le Xuan Hue from the Institute for Ecology and Fauna
Resources announced his research of scorpions. Vietnamese people often
soak scorpions in alcohol to make a drink they believe strengthens their
health or to use in massage. Scorpions are also mixed with some kinds of
herbs to cure headaches and other diseases.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Doctor Tran Thi Hong Thuy from the Military Traditional Medicine Hospital
released her research on earthworms (<i>Pheretima asiatica Michaelsen)</i>.
Accordingly, earthworms can be used to cure high blood pressure.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><i>
</i>Dr. Dai Huy Ban and his co-workers from the Science and Technology
Institute of Vietnam announced their research about Dong Trung Ha Thao
(<i>Asaria sp cordyceps roberti</i>), an organism believed to shift between
insect and plant. Dong Trung Ha Thao is a tonic comparable to Ginseng.
In the past, only royal families used this medicine. Research shows that
Dong Trung Ha Thao is good for health and can be used to cure pulmonary
tuberculosis and bronchitis, to stabilize blood pressure and strengthen
sexual ability. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><i>
</i>Scientists also presented their research about other species of insects,
such as ants, worms, belostomatids, termites, etc. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><i>
</i>According to Dinh Thanh Ha, from the Military Traditional Medicine
Hospital - a member of the organizing board - a State-level research project,
namely “preserving, exploiting and using insects in traditional medicines,”
will be carried out from 2008 to 2013. To serve this project, an insect
center will be established in Ba Vi, Son Tay province this year.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Monday/BizFocus/20080101234828/Article/><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Monday/BizFocus/20080101234828/Article/</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>22.
Ghana: Nature provides honey to compensate flood victims</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: Joy Online, Ghana, 27 December
2007</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Large quantities of honey believed to be
an experience in many years is being harvested in the Mamprusi West District
this year.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Speaking in an interview with the Ghana News Agency in Walewale and Wungu,
some farmers attributed the bumper harvest of honey to the heavy rains
of last August and September which resulted in many pools of water that
the bees needed to make honey.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Others said it was nature’s way of providing for the people who lost their
food and property during the floods.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Mr. Ayamdo Apaya, a farmer who also keeps bees and uses solar energy to
process honey said those who harvest honey from the wild were getting three
or four times as much honey as they usually harvested in the past years.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
“One farmer can harvest between 25 and 30 gallons of honey this year unlike
previous years when one person could not make more than 10 gallons and
this is only the beginning, we have another harvest season that begins
in March and that too might come in large quantities”, he said.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Mr. Apaya expressed concern that there might not be good market to consume
the honey, explaining that many people did not know the nutritional value
of honey and still preferred sugar.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
He however, said that pure honey could be stored for more than three years
and still be in good condition for eating, adding that some people believed
that the longer honey stayed the more potent it became, especially for
medicinal purposes.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
He said a gallon of honey in Walewale and Bolgataga cost 16 Ghana Cedis,
while a bottle of 700ml sold at 2.5 Ghana Cedis.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/200712/11763.asp><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/200712/11763.asp</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>27.
Turkey is second in honey production</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Source: Biamag, Turkey, 1 January 2008</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Turkish Apiarists Union chair Yilmaz said
that the EU imported some 200,000 tons of honey each year and Turkey, which
produces 70,000 tons of honey each year, exports only 18,000 to Europe.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
At the meeting on "Beekeeping and Honey Production in Turkey,"
which was organized with contributions of the Van Chamber of Commerce and
Industry, the Turkish Apiarists' Union and the Provincial Directorate of
Agriculture said Turkey was second after China in honey production. However,
they said there were serious problems in Turkey about honey exports, advertising
and marketing. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Bahri Yilmaz, head of the Turkish Apiarists' Union, complained about the
inadequacy of legal regulations. He said the illegal honey commerce was
a big problem for the producers in Turkey. This illegal honey is being
exported with a 'Turkish honey' label. All the honey is sent back to Turkey
when various chemicals are found in it," said Yilmaz. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Yilmaz said there were beekeepers' unions in 62 countries with some 17,000
members. He said some 40,000 people in Turkey were professional beekeepers.
Some 180,000 families earn a living from beekeeping, according to him.
“If the honey producers are supported, this production can expand to become
a source of very important economic income." </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Murat Akbay, head of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, spoke about
organic agriculture in Turkey. He said certificates were needed to export
organic products to foreign markets. Akbay said there was a certification
problem in Van for the organic products. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The following information was also available at the meeting: </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>* While there are five beehives </b>in
every square kilometer in Turkey, this number in Van is 0.87. There are
6,690 permanent beehives in Van and 27,000 travelling beehives. </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>* The producers in Van </b>also have difficulty
in advertising and promoting their honey. Van honey is above standards
in terms of quality and is usually exported to Europe with different titles.
(BB/EA/YE)</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For full story, please see: </font><a href="http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/english/32477/turkey-is-second-in-honey-production"><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/english/32477/turkey-is-second-in-honey-production</u></font></a>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>EVENTS</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><u>2nd International Beekeeping Congress</u></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">19-21 August 2008</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Thimphu, Bhutan</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Asia has long been well known for its glorious
tradition of beekeeping and honey hunting, rich and diversified bee flora
and fauna and suitable climate for beekeeping almost throughout the year.
Asia is one of the leading continents in beekeeping research and training.
Beekeeping is now established and developed as a profitable agro- forest
based industry providing basic employment, supplementary income and nutritious
food to a large rural population besides enhancing crop productivity through
pollination.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Judicious planning and meticulous implementation of different innovative
programs of Government departments, research institutions, private organizations,
Universities and NGOs have paved the way for the modernization of beekeeping.
In view of the availability of vast honey potentials, there is tremendous
scope for further expansion, extension and diversification of beekeeping
for sustainable livelihoods.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
Beekeeping plays a crucial role in the present context of commercialization
of agriculture and liberalization of economy. It covers entire scope of
honeybee resources, bee products, beekeeping practices, pollination services
and their interface with business systems and environment integrity. There
is a significant unknown diversity of scientific and practical knowledge
available in different countries which need to be disseminated properly.
Due to lack of coordination amongst different implementing agencies little
information is available on the overall status of research, training and
extension systems.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The International Beekeeping Conference will provide a forum for reorienting
the policies and programs for more productive and sustainable apiculture.
The theme of the congress “<b>Beekeeping development and its relevance
in mountain agriculture”</b></font><font size=2 color=#ab7fff face="Arial"><b>
</b></font><font size=2 face="Arial">is most apt in the present context.
The conference objective is to showcase research and development activities
in bees and bee products.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">
The three day conference organized by Century Foundation, Bangalore, India
in association with Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan
will help to develop an agenda to ensure sustainable livelihood, natural
resource use optimization and eco-system protection through income generating
activities like beekeeping. It will bring together the international scientific
community involved in the study of bees and a unique opportunity to deepen
our understanding of the diversity of bees in the Himalayan Kingdom and
experience the wonderful hospitality of Bhutan.</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><b>Topics / Technical Sessions</b>:</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Biology
and Management of Honeybees</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Bees
and Crop Pollination</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Honey
Flora and Migratory Beekeeping</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Bee
Pests, Diseases and Enemies</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Bee
Products: Processing and Marketing</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Honey
quality, safety and International trade issues</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Beekeeping
Technology and Equipment</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Bees
and Environment</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Beekeeping
Training and Extension</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Apitherapy</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Symbol">·</font><font size=1 face="Times New Roman">
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">Organic
Honey Production and its importance</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">The last date for submission of abstract
(s) is <b>May 30, 2008</b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">For more information, please contact:</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Dr. V. Sivaram,</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Organizing Secretary – 2nd IBC 2008</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Department of Botany,</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Bangalore University</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Bangalore - 560056, INDIA</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Email: </font><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial">ibcbhutan@gmail.com
</font><font size=2 face="Arial">or </font><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial">sivaram900@gmail.com</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Tele: 91-80-22961315,</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Fax: 91-80-23219295</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Mobile: 9845514004</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">or</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Mr. Kailash Pradhan</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Dy. Chief Research Officer</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Local Coordinator -2nd IBC2008</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Council for RNR Research of Bhutan</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Ministry of Agriculture</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Thimphu, Bhutan</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Tel#: 00-975-2-323514/322936</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Fax#: 00-975-2- 322504/321097</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Mobile #: 00-975-17614798</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">E-mail</font><font size=2 color=#9a3300 face="Arial">:
</font><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial">kp_pradhan@yahoo.co.uk</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">or</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">Congress President:</font>
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