<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)">
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PostalCode"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="Street"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="City"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="State"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PlaceType"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PlaceName"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="address"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="country-region"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place"/>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:sans-serif;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
tt
{font-family:"Courier New";}
span.EmailStyle19
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:Arial;
color:navy;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thanks
to Patricia S. De Angelis, Ph.D. for forwarding the below.</span></font><font
size=2 face=sans-serif><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:sans-serif'><br>
</span></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Publication
date: October 13, 2008</span></font></tt><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #211--Improving forage for native
bee crop pollinators</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">
by
Mace Vaughan and Scott Hoffman Black</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Announcement: The 2nd World Congress of
Agroforestry will be held in</font></tt><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">Nairobi</font></tt></st1:City><tt><font
face="Courier New">, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Kenya</st1:country-region></font></tt></st1:place><tt><font
face="Courier New">, 20-29 August 2009. The overall Congress theme is</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">"Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land
Use". For the latest information,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">visit <http://www.worldagroforestry.org/wca2009/>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Research and practice: Advanced study internship
in tropical agroforestry </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">with the people who bring you The Overstory
E-Journal: </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/internship>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Article submissions: Have you written an article
in the last 5 years on</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">a topic that you think would interest other
Overstory subscribers?</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Would you like it to be circulated in edited form
to over 8,000 </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">subscribers in 185 countries? Then submit it to
the Overstory</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">for consideration--it's that easy! Further
information:</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/ovsubm.html>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Address changes: Please send e-mail address
changes to </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><overstory@agroforestry.net>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #211--Improving forage for native
bee crop pollinators</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">
by
Mace Vaughan and Scott Hoffman Black</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Contents:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: INTRODUCTION</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: --> Step 1: Identify and protect bee forage
already in place</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: --> Step 2: Ensure that flowers are present
throughout the growing</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">
season</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: --> Step 3: Identify the best sites to
enhance forage</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: --> Step 4: Identify the best plants</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: --> Step 5: Plan ahead to ensure successful
installation and maintenance</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: CONCLUSION</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: TABLE 1</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: ADDITIONAL INFORMATON</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: ORIGINAL SOURCE</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: ABOUT THE AUTHORS</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: WEB LINKS</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: RELATED EDITIONS OF THE OVERSTORY</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: PUBLISHER NOTES</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">: SUBSCRIPTIONS</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">INTRODUCTION</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Agroforestry practices can provide essential
habitat for bees, our most</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">important crop pollinators. The European honey bee
receives most of the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">credit for crop pollination, but the number of
managed honey bee hives</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">is half of what it was in the 1950s; and this
number continues to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">decline because of disease and the immigration of
aggressive races of</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">honey bees. Native bees, however, significantly
contribute to crop</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollination ­ and, in some cases, provide all of
the pollination.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">In order to support the native bee community, a
wealth of flowers is</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">necessary. Unfortunately, heavily managed farm
landscapes often lack the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">diversity and abundance of flowers that native
bees require. By</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">providing abundant and diverse pollen and nectar
sources, a diverse</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">community of native bee species will increase,
adjacent crops may yield</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">more, growers could rely less on imported European
honey bees, and farm</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">biodiversity and other wildlife species will
benefit.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">This article discusses how to maximize the ability
of an agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">practice to support crop-pollinating bees,
including a step-by-step</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">method for planning forage enhancements. Other
floral visitors, like</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">butterflies, do not pollinate crops, but will also
benefit from the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">techniques below.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">--> Step 1: Identify and protect bee forage
already in place</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Existing pollen and nectar sources can often be
found near fencerows or</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">hedgerows, riparian buffers, other natural areas,
or any place on or</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">around the site where a variety of plants (weeds
or otherwise) grow. To</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">identify good forage plants, observe flowers early
in the morning and in</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">the middle of the day to note how intensively each
species is visited by</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">bees and other insects. Honeybees and bumblebees
are both good,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">recognizable indicators of flowering plants that
other native bees will</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">use. Try to protect these sites and their
flowering plants within the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">constraints of the landowner's goals.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">--> Step 2: Ensure that flowers are present
throughout the growing</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">
season</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Bees are most active from February to November,
longer in mild climates.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The social bumble bee is often seen in any of
these months, whereas the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">emergence and short (two to four weeks) active
adult life of many</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">solitary-nesting bees depends upon the species,
and can occur from early</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">spring to late summer. Therefore, a sequence of
plants that provide a</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">diversity of flowers throughout the growing season
is necessary to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">support a diverse community of native bee species.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Bumble bees are some of our most efficient crop
pollinators. When forage</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">is available early in the growing season (like
willow, red bud, maple,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">or manzanita), freshly emerged, overwintering
bumble bee queens are more</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">successful in establishing their colonies. Also,
some solitary bees</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">produce multiple generations each year, so
reproductive success in the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">spring and early summer can lead to larger
populations in the mid- to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">late-summer, when many fruits and vegetables are
in bloom.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Remember to include plants that bloom in the fall.
When plants such as</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">goldenrod and asters are in bloom, some native bee
species, as well as</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">honey bees, will benefit from the abundant
late-season forage. For</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">example, the next year's bumble bee queens will be
able to go into</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">hibernation with more energy reserves than they
would otherwise.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">--> Step 3: Identify the best sites to enhance
forage</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Agroforestry provides a unique opportunity to
enhance nectar and pollen</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">sources and nesting sites for crop-pollinating
bees. Weed control should</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">be concentrated to a narrow strip nearest the
trees to leave as much</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">undisturbed area as possible for flowering plants
and nesting sites.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Riparian forest buffers are excellent locations to
incorporate early</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">flowering willows, as well as shrubs and forbs
that require more water</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">than is naturally available elsewhere. Riparian
buffers are especially</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">important for bees during hot summer months in
areas where plants in</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">upland areas dry out.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Windbreaks and hedgerows, by design, reduce wind
velocity in adjacent</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">fields. Windbreaks provide places to plant
flowering trees and shrubs</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">and other blooming perennials close to fields.
Make a special effort to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">include flowering forbs on the margins of the
windbreak or hedgerow. The</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">area between the trees could also be used for
beneficial forbs during</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">the establishment period of the windbreak.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Silvopasture provides an open understory where a
variety of flowering</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">forbs, like alfalfa or clover, can be over seeded.
When combined with</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">rotational grazing practices, these legumes will
have an opportunity to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">flower before being eaten. Clusters of flowering
shrubs could provide</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">benefits for pollinators and other wildlife.
Depending on the location,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">harvestable flowering trees, such as black cherry,
black locust, or</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">maple, can be included into a silvopasture system.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Alley cropping presents an opportunity to grow
plants in close proximity</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">that have complementary flowering periods. By
paying careful attention</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">to bloom periods and using multiple species, an
alley cropping system</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">can provide nearly continuous pollen and nectar
forage within a single</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">farmscape. Consider flowering trees like black
cherry or basswood along</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">with the more typical alley cropping trees of
walnut, pecan, or oak. A</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">legume forage crop between rows will not only fix
nitrogen but also</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">provide nectar and pollen for bees. Diverse native
forbs and shrubs, may</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">be planted in rows for cut flowers, berry
production, or the nursery</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">market, as well as for pollinators.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">Forest</font></tt></st1:place><tt><font
face="Courier New"> farming simultaneously manages both forest overstory and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">understory plants. Include insect-pollinated
valuable crop trees, like</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">yellow (tulip) poplar, maple, basswood, and black
cherry, in the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">overstory to benefit pollinators. Some cultivated
understory plants,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">such as ginseng, goldenseal, or black cohosh, may
also benefit from</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollinators. For example, black cohosh generally
relies on bumble bees</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">for pollination, but it does not produce nectar to
attract the bees. It</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">must rely on nearby prolific nectar producers,
such as pale touch-me-not</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">or whiteflower leafcup, to attract the bees. The
pollination of these</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">different forest understory plants is not well
understood, but</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollinators should be encouraged.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Other sites, such as existing natural habitat,
field and road edges,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">drainage ditches, land around buildings, and
fields that are too wet or</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">too dry for crop production, also provide
convenient, underutilized</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">places to cultivate bee forage.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">--> Step 4: Identify the best plants</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Wherever possible, consider how to include trees
that provide pollen and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">nectar for bees (see Table 1). Around and under
each tree provide a</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">diversity of plants that, together, produce
continuous, abundant</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">flowers.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">For the maximum benefit to pollinators, as well as
ease of</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">implementation, consider the following criteria:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Locally native plants are generally well-adapted
to an area's growing</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">conditions; can thrive with minimum attention; are
good sources of</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">nectar and pollen for native bees; and are usually
not "weeds."</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Flowers with a diversity of shapes, sizes, and
colors will support the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">greatest variety of crop pollinators.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Alternative, specialty crops provide a product for
landowners and are</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">also great for pollinators. For example, berry-producing
shrubs such as</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">blueberries and raspberries, ornamental plants
such as curly willow and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">red twig dogwood, medicinal plants such as
goldenseal, and hardwoods</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">such as black cherry and maple all provide a
harvestable crop as well as</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollen and nectar for bees.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Highly invasive plant species are aggressive and
can spread to dominate</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">other species; will reduce the diversity and value
of the habitat; and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">will increase maintenance. Check with your county
for code restrictions</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">on noxious weed species.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">--> Step 5: Plan ahead to ensure successful
installation and maintenance</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Post signs and educate others. It is important to
make sure that farm</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">staff, neighbors, and county road and electric
crews know about the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">habitat. Signs help educate others about what is
happening on the farm</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">and, potentially, encourage them to do similar
work.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Eventually replace mulch. Weed control and
irrigation (in drier</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">climates) is often needed to establish new
agroforestry plantings. While</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">mulch helps conserve water and control weeds, it
may also prevent</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ground-nesting bees from accessing the soil
surface. After trees are</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">established, consider replacing mulch with an
understory of bunch</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">grasses or flowering forbs, which will help
control weeds and, at the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">same time, provide opportunities for solitary bees
to construct ground</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">nests.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Minimize herbicide use. If herbicides are
necessary to control noxious</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">weeds, only spot treat weeds and completely avoid
important flowering</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">plants.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">CONCLUSION</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The best way to attract and support a healthy
pollinator population is</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">to ensure a rich, diverse plant community.
Agroforestry practices can</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">help provide this rich source of pollen and
nectar. In return, an</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">abundance and variety of insect pollinators will
yield a fertile and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">productive landscape.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">=== BEGIN TABLE 1 ===</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">North American trees and shrubs that provide
significant forage for</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">native bees</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Native Trees* /Approximate flowering period in
native range**/</font></tt><br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">Willow</font></tt></st1:place></st1:City><tt><font
face="Courier New"> (Salix) /Early spring/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Sassafras (Sassafras) /March to May/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Redbud (Cercis) /March to May/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Horse chestnut (Aesculus) /March to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Maples (Acer) /March to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Madrone (Arbutus) /Mid-March to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Cherry (Prunus) /Late March to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Sumac (Rhus)*** /Spring to summer/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Black locust (Robinia) /May to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Palo Verde (Parkinsonia) /May to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Honey locust (Gleditsia) /Mid-May to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Serviceberry (Amelanchier) /Early summer/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Basswood (Tilia) /Late May to July/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Sourwood (Oxydendrum) /Mid-summer/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">California-laurel (Umbellularia) /November to May/</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Native Shrubs* /Approximate flowering period in
native range**/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Barberry, Mahonia (Berberis, Mahonia) /March to
May/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Serviceberry (Amelanchier) /April to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Golden currant (Ribes aureum) /April to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Buckbrush (Ceanothus) /April to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Blueberries (Vaccinium) /May to June/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Raspberry, Blackberry (Rubus)*** /May to August/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Elderberry (Sambucus)*** /May to August/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Wild rose (Rosa) /June to August/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Oceanspray, Cliff spirea (Holodiscus) /June to
August/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Spirea (Spirea) /July to August/</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Fruit Trees* /Approximate flowering period in
native range**/</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Almond, Apple, Cherry, <st1:place w:st="on">Plum</st1:place>,
Persimmon /Spring/</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">* Check sources for species and varieties that are
adapted to your area.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">** The actual flowering period depends upon
species, latitude,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">elevation, and year-to-year variation, and may
only last for a short</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">time (a couple of weeks) within these ranges. It
is important to consult</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">with local native plant experts to develop a list
of plants with</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">overlapping bloom times </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">*** When twigs are clipped on these plants, the
soft pith provides</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">nesting opportunities for small, tunnel-nesting
bees.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">=== END TABLE 1 ===</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ADDITIONAL INFORMATON</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note ­ 32: "Agroforestry: Sustaining
Native Bee Habitat For Crop</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Pollination," <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Vaughan</st1:place></st1:City>, Mace and Black, Scott Hoffman, 2006.
USDA</font></tt><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">National</font></tt></st1:PlaceName><tt><font
face="Courier New"> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Agroforestry</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType></font></tt></st1:place><tt><font
face="Courier New">.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note ­ 34: "Enhancing Nest Sites For
Native Bee Crop Pollinators,"</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Vaughan, Mace and Black, Scott Hoffman, 2006. USDA
National Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Center.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note ­ 35: "Pesticide Considerations For
Native Bees In</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Agroforestry," Vaughan, Mace and Black, Scott
Hoffman, 2006. USDA</font></tt><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">National</font></tt></st1:PlaceName><tt><font
face="Courier New"> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Agroforestry</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType></font></tt></st1:place><tt><font
face="Courier New">.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Conservation Security Program Job Sheet:
"Nectar Corridors," Plant</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Management EPL 41. USDA NRCS,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/06csp/JobSheets/nectarCorridorsEL41.pdf></font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ORIGINAL SOURCE</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">This article was excerpted with the kind
permission of the publisher from:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">Vaughan</font></tt></st1:place></st1:City><tt><font
face="Courier New">, M. and S. Hoffman Black. 2006. Improving Forage For Native
Bee</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Crop Pollinators. Agroforestry Note 33. USDA
National Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Center (NAC), <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Lincoln</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Nebraska</st1:State></st1:place>.
<http://www.unl.edu/nac>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The authors wish to acknowledge the helpful
comments provided by</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">native bee scientists from across the country:
James Cane, USDA ARS;</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">T'ai Roulston, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Virginia</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>;
and Blair Sampson, USDA ARS.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">:::::::::::::: </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ABOUT THE AUTHORS</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Mace Vaughan is Conservation Director of the
Xerces Society for</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Invertebrate Conservation. Mr. Vaughan has
led the Xerces Society's</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Agricultural Pollinator Conservation program for
the last three years.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">He has written articles on the conservation of
bees, butterflies,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">aquatic invertebrates, and insects, and is
co-author of the Pollinator</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Conservation Handbook and Farming for Bees:
Guidelines for Providing</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Native Bee Habitat on Farms. He has spoken
on numerous occasions about</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollinator conservation and invertebrate
conservation and he was a</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">lecturer on honey bee biology and beekeeping at <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Cornell</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. His</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">background includes Masters Degrees in Entomology
and Teaching from</font></tt><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><tt><font face="Courier New">Cornell</font></tt></st1:PlaceName><tt><font
face="Courier New"> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></font></tt></st1:place><tt><font
face="Courier New">, research into the behavior and community ecology of</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">insects, and stints as an insect wrangler for PBS
Nature. </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Scott Hoffman Black is Executive Director of the
Xerces Society for</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Invertebrate Conservation, an international
organization dedicated to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">protecting biological diversity through
invertebrate conservation. He</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">has degrees in ecology, plant science and
entomology from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Colorado</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType></st1:place></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">University. As a researcher, conservationist
and teacher he has worked</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">to advocate science based conservation and has
extensive experience in</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">endangered species conservation. Scott has
authored many scientific and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">popular publications and his work has been
featured in newspaper,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">magazines and books and on radio and TV. Scott is
co-author of such</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">pollinator related publications as: The Red List
of Pollinator Insects</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">of <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place>
and the Pollinator Conservation Handbook.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The authors can be contacted at Xerces Society For
Invertebrate</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Conservation, <st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street
w:st="on">4828 SE Hawthorne Boulevard</st1:Street>, <st1:City w:st="on">Portland</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">Oregon</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">97215</st1:PostalCode></st1:address>.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Phone: 503-232-6639; fax: 503-233-6794; e-mail:
info@xerces.org.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">WEB LINKS</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note - 32: "Sustaining native bee habitat
for crop pollination,"</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Mace Vaughan and Scott Hoffman Black, 2006. USDA
National Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Center. <http://www.unl.edu/nac>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note - 33: "Improving Forage For Native
Bee Crop Pollinators,"</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Mace Vaughan and Scott Hoffman Black, 2006. USDA
National Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Center. <http://www.unl.edu/nac>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">AF Note - 35: "Pesticide Considerations For
Native Bees In</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Agroforestry," Mace Vaughan and Scott Hoffman
Black, 2006. USDA National Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Center. <http://www.unl.edu/nac>.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">"Farming for Bees: Guidelines for Providing
Native Bee Habitat on</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Farms," <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Vaughan</st1:place></st1:City>,
M., M. Shepherd, C. Kremen, and S. Black. 2004. Xerces</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Society. 34 pp.
<http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/></font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">NRCS Pollinator Technical Note.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/NRCSdocuments.html></font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Xerces Society Pollinator Program.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/></font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">RELATED EDITIONS OF THE OVERSTORY</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #187--Enhancing nest sites for
native bee crop pollinators</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #178--Sustaining native bee habitat
for crop pollination</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #149--Live Fences, Isolated Trees,
and Windbreaks: Tools</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">for Conserving Biodiversity</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #98--Integrating Forestry into Farms</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory98.html></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #73--Buffers, Common-Sense
Conservation</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory73.html></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #56--Integrating Understory and Tree
Crops</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory56.html></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #55--<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Nontimber</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
Products Part II: NTFP Enterprises</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory55.html></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #53 <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Nontimber</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
Products--An Introduction</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory53.html></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory #40--Bees and Agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory40.html></font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ANNOUNCEMENTS</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">INVITATION for article submissions to The
Overstory: </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/ovsubm.html></font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">ADDRESS CHANGES: Please send any changes in your
e-mail address to </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">overstory@agroforestry.net</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">PUBLISHER NOTES</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Editor: Craig R. Elevitch</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Distributor:</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The Overstory is distributed by Agroforestry Net,
Inc., a nonprofit</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">501(c)(3) organization based in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:place></st1:State>.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Address: <st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">P.O.
Box 428</st1:Street>, <st1:City w:st="on">Holualoa</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">96725</st1:PostalCode> <st1:country-region
w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:address></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Email: overstory@agroforestry.net ; Web site:</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">http://www.overstory.org </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Past editions of The Overstory:
http://www.overstory.org </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">This publication is Copyright 2008 Permanent
Agriculture Resources.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">All Rights Reserved Worldwide. For Conditions of
Use please contact</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">overstory@agroforestry.net or write to
Agroforestry Net, Inc. at the</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">address above. </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">This journal is designed to provide agricultural
information, but</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">is sent with the understanding that the editors
and publishers are</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">not engaged in rendering consultation. If expert
assistance is</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">required, the services of a professional should be
sought. </font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">::::::::::::::</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">SUBSCRIPTIONS</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">To SUBSCRIBE please send an e-mail to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><overstory@agroforestry.net> with the
subject "subscribe"</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">and in the body of the message:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">1) your name</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">2) e-mail address</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">3) organization, brief project description, or
your interest</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">in agroforestry</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">4) your location (city, state, country)</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Any other information about yourself that you
would like to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">include is welcome, as it helps us tailor the
journal to</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">your needs.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">To UNSUBSCRIBE please send us an e-mail with your
name and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">the e-mail address of your subscription.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">**Your information is secure -- We will never
sell, give or</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">distribute your address or subscription
information to any</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">third party without your prior consent.**</font></tt></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>