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From: Kim@BeeCulture.com<BR>To: LDA@pollinator.org<BR>Sent: 10/6/2010 2:32:53
P.M. Pacific Daylight Time<BR>Subj: CATCH THE BUZZ - New Demons Found...The
Trail Gets Warmer<BR></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV><FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" face=Arial color=#000000 size=2>This ezine is also available online at <A title=http://home.ezezine.com/1636/1636-2010.10.06.17.30.archive.html href="http://home.ezezine.com/1636/1636-2010.10.06.17.30.archive.html">http://home.ezezine.com/1636/1636-2010.10.06.17.30.archive.html</A><BR><BR>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 48pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: red"></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 48pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: red"></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 48pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: red"></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 48pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: red"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=7>CATCH THE BUZZ</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>New Demons Found. The CCD Trail
Gets Much Warmer.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>In 2007a team* was formed to search
for the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder. Using mass spectrometry-based
proteomics, a technique modified by the military for screening samples for
pathogens, they found a fungus and an unusual virus associated with samples
from colonies with CCD symptoms.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>An insect iridescent virus (IIV) in
bees from CCD colonies is new to the <COUNTRY-REGION w:st=""><PLACE w:st="">U.S.</PLACE></COUNTRY-REGION> It shows similarities to an IIV first
reported in <COUNTRY-REGION w:st=""><PLACE w:st="">India</PLACE></COUNTRY-REGION> 20 years ago, as well as to an IIV
found in moths. The method of its introduction to bees in <PLACE w:st="">North
America</PLACE> remains a mystery but it probably arrived in infected bees, or
it crossed over to bees from another insect. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>All animals, ranging from lowly
bacteria to humans have <STOCKTICKER w:st="">DNA</STOCKTICKER> as their
genetic material. Viruses, however, have either <STOCKTICKER w:st="">DNA</STOCKTICKER> or <STOCKTICKER w:st="">RNA</STOCKTICKER> as their
genetic material. RNA is a chemical variant of <STOCKTICKER w:st="">DNA</STOCKTICKER>. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>The viruses thus far associated
with honey bees in colonies with colony collapse disorder symptoms have been
of the <STOCKTICKER w:st="">RNA</STOCKTICKER> type. The insect iridescent
virus the research team correlated with CCD is a <STOCKTICKER w:st="">DNA</STOCKTICKER> virus, however. That is a fundamental
difference and takes CCD research in a whole new direction. This was when the
team brought in <STOCKTICKER w:st="">RNA</STOCKTICKER> virus experts.
</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>The <STOCKTICKER w:st="">DNA</STOCKTICKER> in these viruses is something to behold. Their size
and shape, and the way they are stacked inside the cells they infect
fundamentally alters light in such a way that it causes iridescence. Viruses
and infected host tissue may have a bluish green or purplish hue. Insect
iridescent viruses have also been shown to contain a protein that causes host
cells to self destruct in a process called apoptosis, which can be a viral
attack mechanism or a host defense strategy.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Additionally there is a significant
statistical link between CCD, the iridescent virus and a fungal parasite of
the genus <I>Nosema</I>. It remains unknown if these two pathogens in concert
cause CCD, or, are CCD colonies more likely to succumb to these two
pathogens? </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></FONT> </P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Currently, the team is trying to
isolate the specific strain of iridescent virus in <COUNTRY-REGION w:st=""><PLACE w:st="">U.S.</PLACE></COUNTRY-REGION> bees so that they can
characterize it alone and in combination with <I>Nosema</I>. The work is
ongoing but it may be the most important advance in the previous three
years.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>There are more than two dozen known
insect iridescent viruses. As a general rule, the impact of these viruses
ranges from covert infections with relatively minor effects, to highly
virulent and lethal infections. This lethality is one reason that this group
of viruses has been scrutinized as a potential biopesticide, for applications
such as mosquito control. This is not good news for beekeepers. In
<COUNTRY-REGION w:st=""><PLACE w:st="">India</PLACE></COUNTRY-REGION>, an
iridescent virus, called IIV-24, has been implicated in high losses of honey
bee colonies.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>It is known that in an Asian honey
bee, <I>Apis cerana</I>, a combination of parasites and pathogens co-exist,
including: (1) a <I>Nosema</I> parasite called <I>Nosema ceranae</I>, (2) an
iridescent virus, (3) parasitic and predacious mites, and (4) two other
<STOCKTICKER w:st="">RNA</STOCKTICKER>-type viruses, <PLACE w:st="">Kashmir</PLACE> bee virus and a Sacbrood virus.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Both <PLACE w:st="">Kashmir</PLACE>
bee virus and <I>Nosema ceranae</I> have been in <PLACE w:st="">North
America</PLACE> for a decade or more. How similar is the CCD strain of
iridescent virus to the IIV-24 from <I>A. cerana</I>? Is it possible that US
bees acquired IIV from the Asian bee along with <I>Nosema ceranae</I> and
<PLACE w:st="">Kashmir</PLACE> bee virus? </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>This IIV also seems to be closely
related to an IIV virus called IIV-6 that occurs in other insect species. So
this may be a variant of this virus that managed to transmit to a new host –
bees.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Knowing exactly what IIV species is
involved will be important so that it can be tracked and monitored to develop
a control strategy. There is not a means of controlling the virus, although
there are simple ways of monitoring <I>Nosema</I>, which can be seen under a
microscope, and some options are available to beekeepers for reducing
<I>Nosema </I>levels.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Once the strain of IIV in CCD
colonies is identified, and assuming that the IIV link with CCD can be
confirmed, the potential exists to use IIV presence as an indicator of CCD. It
should be very easy to develop a <STOCKTICKER w:st="">PCR</STOCKTICKER> assay
or even to use simple serological tests like ELISA to rapidly detect IIV.
Until then, proteomics will be used to screen samples. Proteomics is an
excellent screening method, but it takes more time and analysis costs are
higher than for <STOCKTICKER w:st="">PCR</STOCKTICKER> or
ELISA.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>With an inexpensive and rapid
assay, the ability to screen all colonies in an area for IIV exists. Until an
effective treatment can be developed, eliminating infected colonies may be an
option, as well as screening before new colonies are allowed to
enter.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Standard quarantine practices such
as testing imported bees before they are added to colonies, and disinfecting
equipment would likely help. We can do a better job if we know the exact
identity of the culprit(s).</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">In the short term, the
possibility of developing treatments against the IIV seems remote. Some
possible treatments include antiviral drugs or heat treatment of hives.
M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">ost IIVs
replicate at about 21 degrees C and do not replicate above 30-32 degrees C.
Higher temperature may suppress the virus by halting replication, whereas
</SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>cool weather and damp conditions
may speed up replication of both IIV and <I>Nosema</I>. Many instances of CCD
have occurred following extended periods of cool, damp weather, with more
problems with bees in areas with frequent fog or in hill areas where the
weather is cooler bein g reported. Placing bees in warm, sunny locations
appears to help.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Finally, in a bee collapse that
occurred in the northeastern part of the <COUNTRY-REGION w:st=""><PLACE w:st="">U.S.</PLACE></COUNTRY-REGION> some years ago, an IIV was seen in
varroa mites that prey on bees. Varroa may act as a vector for the dispersal
of the virus among bee colonies, just as mosquitoes transmit <PLACE w:st="">West Nile</PLACE> virus or malaria to humans. Varroa is known to
increase damage caused by other viruses, and beekeepers who fail to control
varroa levels are likely to sustain high colony losses.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>In all cases, management practices
that reduce <I>Nosema</I> and mite loads and try to reduce long term exposures
to cool, damp environmental conditions are likely to reduce colony
susceptibility to IIV.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>The entire paper is published in
the online Journal Plos One. Find it at </FONT></SPAN><A title=http://www.plosone.org/home.action href="http://www.plosone.org/home.action"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=#800080 size=3>http://www.plosone.org/home.action</FONT></SPAN></A></P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></P>
<P style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><SPAN><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3></SPAN></P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">*The
team includes bee specialists at The University of Montana in Missoula, fungal
pathologists at Montana State University, and a group of virologists and
chemists at the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC). Later,
after they received the initial results, they added specialists in insect
viruses from Texas Tech University and the Instituto de Ecologia AC in Mexico.
Team members include Dr. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">Jerry
Bromenshenk, Univ. Mt,<B> </B></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">Colin
Henderson, <PLACE w:st=""><MIDDLENAME w:st="">Univ.</MIDDLENAME> <MIDDLENAME w:st="">Mt.</MIDDLENAME></PLACE>, </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">Charles
H. Wick, U. S. Army, </SP an><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">Robert
A. Cramer, <PLACE w:st=""><MIDDLENAME w:st="">Univ.</MIDDLENAME> <MIDDLENAME w:st="">MT.</MIDDLENAME></PLACE>, Shan Bilimoria, Texas Tech, and </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif' COLOR: black">Trevor
Williams, </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif' COLOR: black"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=3>Instituto de Ecologia AC in Mexico
and several others listed on the research paper.</FONT>
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