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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thanks
to Doug Holy for forwarding the below article:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=134 height=29
id="_x0000_i1027" src="cid:_1_08412E9408412B30006BA45B8525782A"
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 color="#5f5f5f" face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#5F5F5F;font-weight:bold'><br>
SCIENCE </span></font></b> <font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>|
February 01, 2011</span></font> <b><u><font size=4 color="#000061"><span
style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#000061;font-weight:bold'><br>
</span></font></u></b><a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/01butterfly.html?emc=eta1"><b><font
size=4 color="#000061"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#000061;
font-weight:bold'>Nonfiction: Nabokov Theory on Butterfly Evolution Is
Vindicated </span></font></b></a><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
By CARL ZIMMER</span></font> <br>
Vladimir Nabokov studied butterflies, and he came up with a sweeping
hypothesis that, 65 years later, DNA analysis has proven correct. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<h1><b><font size=6 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:24.0pt'>Nonfiction:
Nabokov Theory on Butterfly Evolution Is Vindicated<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></nyt_headline></h1>
<h6><b><font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:7.5pt'><nyt_byline>By
<a
href="http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?ppds=bylL&v1=CARL%20ZIMMER&fdq=19960101&td=sysdate&sort=newest&ac=CARL%20ZIMMER&inline=nyt-per"
title="More Articles by Carl Zimmer">CARL ZIMMER</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h6>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><a
href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/n/vladimir_nabokov/index.html?inline=nyt-per"
title="More articles about Vladimir Nabokov"></nyt_byline><nyt_text><nyt_correction_top></nyt_correction_top>Vladimir
Nabokov</a> may be known to most people as the author of classic novels like “Lolita”
and “Pale Fire.” But even as he was writing those books, Nabokov
had a parallel existence as a self-taught expert on butterflies. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>He was
the curator of lepidoptera at the <a href="http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/"
title="The museum’s Web site">Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
University</a>, and he collected the insects across the <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
He published detailed descriptions of hundreds of species. And in a speculative
moment in 1945, he came up with a sweeping hypothesis for the evolution of the
butterflies he studied, a group known as the Polyommatus blues. He envisioned
them coming to the New World from <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> over
millions of years in a series of waves. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Few
professional lepidopterists took these ideas seriously during Nabokov’s
lifetime. But in the years since his death in 1977, his scientific reputation
has grown. And over the past 10 years, a team of scientists has been applying
gene-sequencing technology to his hypothesis about how Polyommatus blues
evolved. Last week in The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, they <a
href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/01/22/rspb.2010.2213"
title="Abstract of the report">reported</a> that Nabokov was absolutely right. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>“It’s
really quite a marvel,” said Naomi Pierce of <a
href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/h/harvard_university/index.html?inline=nyt-org"
title="More articles about Harvard University.">Harvard</a>, a co-author of the
paper. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Nabokov
inherited his passion for butterflies from his parents. When his father was
imprisoned by the Russian authorities for his political activities, the
8-year-old <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Vladimir</st1:place></st1:City>
brought a butterfly to his cell as a gift. As a teenager, Nabokov went on
butterfly-hunting expeditions and carefully described the specimens he caught,
imitating the scientific journals he read in his spare time. Had it not been
for the Russian Revolution, which forced his family into exile in 1919, Nabokov
said that he might have become a full-time lepidopterist. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>In his
European exile, Nabokov visited butterfly collections in museums. He used the
proceeds of his second novel, “King, Queen, Knave,” to finance an
expedition to the <st1:place w:st="on">Pyrenees</st1:place>, where he and his
wife, Vera, netted more than a hundred species. The rise of the Nazis drove
Nabokov into exile once more in 1940, this time to the <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
It was there that Nabokov found his greatest fame as a novelist. It was also
there that he delved deepest into the science of butterflies. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Nabokov
spent much of the 1940s dissecting a confusing group of species called
Polyommatus blues. He developed forward-thinking ways to classifying the
butterflies, based on differences in their genitalia. He argued that what were
thought to be closely related species were actually only distantly related. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>At the
end of a 1945 paper on the group, he mused on how they had evolved. He
speculated that they originated in Asia, moved over the Bering Strait and
headed south all the way to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chile</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Allowing
himself a few literary flourishes, Nabokov invited his readers to imagine
“a modern taxonomist straddling a Wellsian time machine.” Going
back millions of years, he would end up at a time when only Asian forms of the
butterflies existed. Then, moving forward again, the taxonomist would see five
waves of butterflies arriving in the <st1:place w:st="on">New World</st1:place>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Nabokov
conceded that the thought of butterflies making a trip from Siberia to <st1:State
w:st="on">Alaska</st1:State> and then all the way down into <st1:place w:st="on">South
America</st1:place> might sound far-fetched. But it made more sense to him
than an unknown land bridge spanning the Pacific. “I find it easier to
give a friendly little push to some of the forms and hang my distributional
horseshoes on the nail of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nome</st1:place></st1:City>
rather than postulate transoceanic land-bridges in other parts of the
world,” he wrote. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>When
“Lolita” made Nabokov a star in 1958, journalists were delighted to
discover his hidden life as a butterfly expert. A famous photograph of Nabokov
that appeared in The Saturday Evening Post when he was 66 is from a
butterfly’s perspective. The looming Russian author swings a net with
rapt concentration. But despite the fact that he was the best-known butterfly
expert of his day and a Harvard museum curator, other lepidopterists considered
Nabokov a dutiful but undistinguished researcher. He could describe details
well, they granted, but did not produce scientifically important ideas. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Nabokov’s
reputation as a scientist languished until the 1990s. Kurt Johnson, an
entomologist then at the <a
href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/american_museum_of_natural_history/index.html?inline=nyt-org"
title="More articles about American Museum of Natural History">American Museum
of Natural History</a>, examined the genitals of the blues and was surprised at
their diversity. Searching the literature for help, he came across
Nabokov’s work. As he later described in the 2000 book
“Nabokov’s Blues,” written with Steve Coates, Dr. Johnson set
about reviving Nabokov’s classification. Working with Zsolt Balint of the
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hungarian</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Museum</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> of Natural History and Dubi
Benyamini, an Israeli collector, he collected new blues and carefully examined
them. In the end, they decided Nabokov was right in his classification. Along
the way, they even named some new species in his honor, like Nabokovia
cuzquenha. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>More
recently, scientists have begun applying new DNA sequencing techniques to
Nabokov’s work. In 1944, for example, Nabokov published the first
description of the Karner blue butterfly, a rare form that lives in the
northeastern <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Judging from its color and choice of plants to eat, Nabokov came to believe
that it was a distinct species. But when scientists began to analyze its genes,
they decided it was just part of an existing species, the Melissa blue
(Lycaeides melissa). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Chris
Nice of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Texas</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
and his colleagues recently used next-generation sequencing to get a far more
detailed look at the DNA of Karner blues and their relatives. They found that
Karner blues and Melissa blues actually trade very few genes. In <a
href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/12/21/rsbl.2010.1077.abstract"
title="Study abstract.">their December 2010 report in Biology Letters</a>, they
declare that Karner blues are a separate species after all — and Nabokov
gets credit for recognizing it. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dr.
Pierce, who became a Harvard biology professor and curator of lepidoptera in
1990, began looking closely at Nabokov’s work while preparing an exhibit
to celebrate his 100th birthday in 1999. Reading “Nabokov’s
Blues,” she was captivated by his idea of butterflies coming from <st1:place
w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>. “It was an amazing, bold hypothesis,”
she said. “And I thought, ‘Oh, my God, we could test
this.’ ” <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>To do so,
she would need to reconstruct the evolutionary tree of blues and estimate when
the branches split. It would have been impossible for Nabokov to do such a
study on the anatomy of butterflies alone. Dr. Pierce would need their DNA,
which could provide more detail about their evolutionary history. While she had
already gathered some butterfly sequences, she would need many more. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dr.
Pierce began to collaborate with Dr. Johnson and his colleagues, who arranged
for specimens to be sent to her lab and offered their hard-won knowledge of the
diversity of the blues. Dr. Pierce’s postdoctoral researcher, Roger Vila,
traveled to the <st1:place w:st="on">Andes</st1:place> to collect more
butterflies and then sequenced their DNA back at Harvard. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dr.
Pierce and her colleagues used a computer to calculate the most likely
relationships among the butterflies. They also compared the number of mutations
each species had acquired to determine how long ago they had diverged from one
another. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>There
were several plausible hypotheses for how the butterflies might have evolved.
They might have evolved in the Amazon, as the rising <st1:place w:st="on">Andes</st1:place>
fragments their populations. If that were true, the species would be closely
related to one another. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>But that
is not what Dr. Pierce and her colleagues found. Instead, they found that the <st1:place
w:st="on">New World</st1:place> species shared a common ancestor that lived
about 10 million years ago. But many New World species were more closely
related to <st1:place w:st="on">Old World</st1:place> butterflies than to their
neighbors. Dr. Pierce and her colleagues concluded that five waves of
butterflies came from Asia to the <st1:place w:st="on">New World</st1:place>
— just as Nabokov had speculated. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>“By
God, he got every one right,” Dr. Pierce said. “I couldn’t
get over it — I was blown away.” <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dr.
Pierce and her colleagues also investigated Nabokov’s idea that the
butterflies had come over the <st1:place w:st="on">Bering Strait</st1:place>.
The land surrounding the strait was relatively warm 10 million years ago, and
has been chilling steadily ever since. Dr. Pierce and her colleagues found that
the first lineage of Polyommatus blues that made the journey could survive a
temperature range that matched the Bering climate of 10 million years ago. The
lineages that came later are more cold-hardy, each with a temperature range
matching the falling temperatures. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Nabokov’s
taxonomic horseshoes turn out to belong in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Nome</st1:place></st1:City> after all. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>“What
a great paper,” said James Mallet, an expert on butterfly evolution at
University College London. “It’s a fitting tribute to the great man
to see that the most modern methods that technology can deliver now largely
support his systematic arrangement.” <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dr.
Pierce says she believes Nabokov would have been greatly pleased to be so vindicated,
and points to one of his most famous poems, “On Discovering a
Butterfly.” The 1943 poem begins: <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>I found
it and I named it, being versed <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>in
taxonomic Latin; thus became <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>godfather
to an insect and its first <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>describer
— and I want no other fame. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>“He
felt that his scientific work was standing for all time, and that he was just a
player in a much bigger enterprise,” Dr. Pierce said. “He was not
known as a scientist, but this certainly indicates to me that he knew what
it’s all about.” <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<nyt_correction_bottom>
<p><span class=italic><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>This article has been revised to reflect the following
correction:</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><strong><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Correction:
January 26, 2011</span></font></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>An
earlier version of this article misstated the year Vladimir Nabokov immigrated
to the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
It was 1940, not 1941.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><span class=italic><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>This article has been revised to reflect the following
correction:</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><strong><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Correction:
February 1, 2011</span></font></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>An
earlier version of this article omitted the name of an author, with Kurt
Johnson, of the 2000 book "Nabokov's Blues." He is Steve Coates.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</nyt_correction_bottom>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</nyt_text></div>
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