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Stacy - You'll need a UV light. You can get LED flashlights that
are UV frequencies (Amazon.com carries some), or get a UV bulb for a
fluorescent light fixture. Many Asteraceae have nectar
guides. Another possibility is to dry flowers, as some of those
will show UV patterns, or I think some will even show in visible light
where the nectar guides are. See more in the book Techniques for
Pollination Biologists. Here's a bibliography of papers that have
something to do with UV (not all about flowers).<br><br>
David Inouye<br><br>
<dl>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times">Altshuler, D. L. 2003. Flower
color, hummingbird pollination, and habitat irradiance in four
Neotropical forests. Biotropica <b>35</b>:344-355.<br>
<dd>Ballare, C. L., A. L. Scopel, A. E. Stapleton, and M. J. Yanovsky.
1996. solar ultraviolet-B radiation affects seedling emergence, DNA
integrity, plant morphology, growth rate, and attractiveness to herbivore
insects in <i>Datura ferox</i>. Plant Physiology <b>112</b>:161-170.<br>
<dd>Batra, L. R. and S. W. T. Batra. 1985. Floral mimicry induced by
mummy-berry fungus exploits host's pollinators as vectors. Science
<b>228</b>:1011-1013.<br>
<dd>Beerling, D. J., A. C. Terry, P. L. Mitchell, T. V. Callaghan, D.
Gwynn-Jones, and J. A. Lee. 2001. Time to chill: effects of simulated
global change on leaf ice nucleation temperatures of subarctic
vegetation. American Journal of Botany <b>88</b>:628-633.<br>
<dd>Bennett, A. T. D. and I. C. Cuthhill. 1994. Ultraviolet vision in
birds: what is its function? Vision Research <b>34</b>:1471-1478.<br>
<dd>Bernard, G. D. and D. G. Stavenga. 1979. Spectral sensitivities of
retinular cells measured in intact, living flies by an optical method.
Journal of Comparative Physiology A <b>134</b>:95-107.<br>
<dd>Blumthaler, M. and W. Ambach. 1988. Human solar ultraviolet radiant
exposure in high mountains. Atmospheric Environment
<b>22</b>:749-753.<br>
<dd>Blumthaler, M. and W. Ambach. 1990. Indication of increasing solar
ultraviolet-B radiation flux in alpine regions. Science
<b>248</b>:206-208.<br>
<dd>Bohrerova, Z., G. Bohrer, K. D. Cho, M. A. Bolch, and K. G. Linden.
2009. Determining the viability response of pine pollen to atmospheric
conditions during long-distance dispersal. Ecological Applications
<b>19</b>:656-667.<br>
<dd>Chen, D., J. S. Collins, and T. H. Goldsmith. 1984. The ultraviolet
receptor of bird retinas. Science <b>225</b>:337-340.<br>
<dd>Chittka, L., M. Hoffmann, and R. Menzel. 1988. Discrimination of
UV-green patterns in honey bees. Page 218 <i>in</i> N. Elsner and F. G.
Barth, editors. Sense organs. Georg Theme, Stuttgart, Germany.<br>
<dd>Collins, S. A., J. K. Conner, and G. E. Robinson. 1997. Foraging
behavior of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on <i>Brassica nigra</i> and
<i>B. rapa </i>grown under simulated ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America <b>90</b>:102-106.<br>
<dd>Costa, H. S., J. Newman, and K. L. Robb. 2003. Ultraviolet-blocking
greenhouse plastic films for management of insect pests. Hortscience
<b>38</b>:465.<br>
<dd>Craig, C. L. and G. D. Bernard. 1990. Insect attraction to
ultraviolet-reflecting spider webs and web decorations. Ecology
<b>71</b>:616-623.<br>
<dd>Cronin, G. and M. E. Hay. 1996. Susceptibility to herbivores depends
on recent history of both the plant and animal. Ecology
<b>77</b>:1531-1543.<br>
<dd>Cummings, M. E., G. G. Rosenthal, and M. J. Ryan. 2003. A private
ultraviolet channel in visual communication. Proceedings of the Royal
Society B <b>270</b>:897-904.<br>
<dd>Davis, A. R. 2003. Influence of elevated CO2 and ultraviolet-B
radiation levels on floral nectar production: a nectary-morphological
perspective. Plant Systematics and Evolution <b>238</b>:169-181.<br>
<dd>Demchik, S. M. and T. A. Day. 1996. Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation
on pollen quantity, quality, and seed yield in <i>Brassica rapa</i>
(Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany <b>83</b>:573-579.<br>
<dd>Dyer, A. G. 1996. Reflection of near-ultraviolet radiation from
flowers of Australian native plants. Australian Journal of Botany
<b>44</b>:473-488.<br>
<dd>Faivre, A. E. and L. A. McDade. 2001. Population-level variation in
the expression of heterostyly in three species of Rubiaceae: Does
reciprocal placement of anthers and stigmas characterize heterostyly?
American Journal of Botany <b>88</b>:841-853.<br>
<dd>Feder, W. A. and R. Shrier. 1990. Combination of u.v.-B and ozone
reduces pollen tube growth more than either stress alone. Environmental
and Experimental Botany <b>30</b>:451-454.<br>
<dd>Feldheim, K. and J. K. Conner. 1996. The effects of increased UV-B
radiation on growth, pollination success, and lifetime female fitness in
two <i>Brassica</i> species. Oecologia <b>106</b>:284-297.<br>
<dd>Feng, H. Y., L. H. Li, L. L. Tan, Z. D. Hou, and X. L. Wang. 2000.
Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on pollen germination and tube
growth of 19 taxa in vitro. Environmental and Experimental Botany
<b>43</b>:45-53.<br>
<dd>Galsterer, S., M. Musso, A. Asenbaum, and D. Furnkranz. 1999.
Reflectance measurements of glossy petals of <i>Ranunculus lingua</i>
(Ranunculaceae) and of non-glossy petals of <i>Heliopsis
helianthoides</i> (Asteraceae). Plant Biology <b>1</b>:670-678.<br>
<dd>Gronquist, M., A. Bezzerides, A. Attygalle, J. Meinwald, M. Eisner,
and T. Eisner. 2001. Attractive and defensive functions of the
ultraviolet pigments of a flower (<i>Hypericum calycinum</i>). PNAS
<b>98</b>:13745-13750.<br>
<dd>Gross, C. L. 1992. Floral traits and pollinator constancy: foraging
by native bees among three sympatric legumes. Australian Journal of
Ecology <b>17</b>:67-74.<br>
<dd>Harosi, F. I. and Y. Hashimoto. 1983. Ultraviolet visual pigment in a
vertebrate: a tetrachromatic cone system in the dace. Science
<b>222</b>:1021-1023.<br>
<dd>Heiling, A. M., M. E. Herberstein, and L. Chittka. 2003. Crab-spiders
manipulate flower signals. Nature <b>421</b>:334.<br>
<dd>Honkavaara, J., M. Koivula, E. Korpimaki, H. Siitari, and J. Viitala.
2002. Ultraviolet vision and foraging in terrestrial vertebrates. Oikos
<b>98</b>:505-511.<br>
<dd>Hribar, L. J., D. J. Leprince, and L. D. Foil. 1991. Increasing horse
fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) catch in canopy traps by reducing ultraviolet
light reflectance. Journal of Medical Entomology <b>28</b>:874-877.<br>
<dd>Hunt, S., A. T. D. Bennett, I. C. Cuthill, and R. Griffiths. 1998.
Blue tits are ultraviolet tits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B
<b>265</b>:451-455.<br>
<dd>Hunt, S., I. C. Cuthill, A. T. D. Bennett, and R. Griffiths. 1999.
Preferences for ultraviolet partners in the blue tit. Animal Behaviour
<b>58</b>:809-815.<br>
<dd>Hunt, S., I. C. Cuthill, J. P. Swaddle, and A. T. D. Bennett. 1997.
Ultraviolet vision and band-colour preferences in female zebra finches,
T<i>aeniopygia guttata</i>. Animal Behaviour <b>54</b>:1383-1392.<br>
<dd>Hunt, S., R. M. Kilner, N. E. Langmore, and A. T. D. Bennett. 2003.
Conspicuous, ultraviolet-rich mouth colours in begging chicks.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B <b>270</b>:25-28.<br>
<dd>Jacobs, G. H., J. Neitz, and J. F. Deegan. 1991. Retinal receptors in
rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light. Nature
<b>353</b>:655.<br>
<dd>Joel, D. M., B. E. Juniper, and A. Dafni. 1985. Ultraviolet patterns
in the traps of carnivorous plants. New Phytologist
<b>101</b>:585-593.<br>
<dd>Kawano, S., M. Odaki, R. Yamaoka, M. Oda-Tanabe, M. Takeuchi, and N.
Kawano. 1995. Pollination biology of <i>Oenothera </i>(Onagraceae). The
interplay between floral UV-absorbancy patterns and floral volatiles as
signals to nocturnal insects. Plant Species Biology <b>10</b>:31-38.<br>
<dd>Kemp, D. J. and R. L. Rutowski. 2007. Condition dependence,
quantitative genetics, and the potential signal content of iridescent
ultraviolet butterfly coloration. Evolution <b>61</b>:168-183.<br>
<dd>Kevan, P. G., L. Chittka, and A. G. Dyer. 2001. Limits to the
salience of ultraviolet: Lessons from colour vision in bees and birds. J
Exp Biol <b>204</b>:2571-2580.<br>
<dd>Kiesecker, J. M., A. R. Blaustein, and L. K. Belden. 2001. Complex
causes of amphibian population declines. Nature <b>410</b>:681-684.<br>
<dd>Kirk, W. D. J. 1984. Ecologically selective coloured traps.
Ecological Entomology <b>9</b>:35-41.<br>
<dd>Koivula, M., E. Korpim and J. Viitala. 1997. Do Tengmalm's owls see
vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light? Animal Behaviour
<b>54</b>:873-877.<br>
<dd>Koti, S., K. R. Reddy, V. G. Kakani, D. Zhao, and V. R. Reddy. 2004.
Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) pollen germination characteristics, flower
and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation.
Annals of Botany <b>94</b>:855-864.<br>
<dd>Langanger, M., S. Jokl, and M. Musso. 2000. UV-reflectance in flowers
of <i>Nymphaea alba</i> L. and <i>Nuphar lutea</i> (L.) Sm.
(Nymphaeaceae). Aquatic Botany <b>67</b>:13-21.<br>
<dd>Lee, W. G., I. J. Hodgkinson, and P. N. Johnson. 1990. A test for
ultraviolet reflectance from fleshy fruits of New Zealand plant species.
New Zealand Journal of Botany <b>28</b>:21-24.<br>
<dd>Levey, D. J. and S. Sargent. 2000. A simple method for tracking
vertebrate-dispersed seeds. Ecology <b>81</b>:267-274.<br>
<dd>Llandres, A. L., F. M. Gawryszewski, A. M. Heiling, and M. E.
Herberstein. 2011. The effect of colour variation in predators on the
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<dd>Lopes, A. V. and I. C. Machado. 1999. Pollination and reproductive
biology of <i>Rauvolfia grandiflora</i> (Apocynaceae): Secondary pollen
presentation, herkogamy and self-incompatibility. Plant Biology
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<dd>Lunau, K. 2000. The ecology and evolution of visual pollen signals.
Plant Systematics and Evolution <b>222</b>:89-111.<br>
<dd>Mahall, B. E. and F. H. Bormann. 1978. A quantitative description of
the vegetative phenology of herbs in a northern hardwood forest.
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<dd>McCall, C. and R. B. Primack. 1987. Resources limit the fecundity of
three woodland herbs. Oecologia <b>71</b>:431-435.<br>
<dd>Menzel, R. and W. Backhaus. 1991. Colour vision in insects. Pages
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<dd>Mitra, B., K. Bhattacharjee, P. Parui, and M. Mukherjee. 2002. Insect
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floral characteristics attracting insects to the blossoms of some
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<dd>Pal, R. 1947. Marking mosquitoes with fluorescent compounds and
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<dd>Pardo, P. H., M. Torres, A. C. Morrison, and C. Ferro. 1996. Effect
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<dd>Penny, J. H. J. 1983. Nectar guide colour contrast: a possible
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<br><br>
</font>
</dl>At 03:38 PM 2/17/2011, Ladadams@aol.com wrote:<br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite=""><font size=2> <br>
<br>
<dl><hr>
</font>
<dd>From: smarkos@berkeley.edu<br>
<dd>To: LDA@pollinator.org<br>
<dd>Sent: 2/17/2011 10:40:48 A.M. Pacific Standard Time<br>
<dd>Subj: uv light box / nectar guides?<br>
<dd> <br>
<dd>Hello,<br><br>
<dd>We would like to develop a display using fresh plant material whereby
<br>
<dd>students can see nectar guides.<br><br>
<dd>Does anyone know how to do this (show nectar guides in real time, not
<br>
<dd>just in a photograph)?<br><br>
<dd>Do light boxes for this kind of display exist? If so, where can we
buy one?<br><br>
<dd>Thank you!<br>
<dd>Staci<br><br>
<br><br>
<dd>-- <br>
<dd>
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><br>
<dd>Staci Markos<br>
<dd>Jepson Herbarium<br>
<dd>1001 VLSB #2465<br>
<dd>University of California, Berkeley<br>
<dd>Berkeley, CA 94720<br>
<dd>(510) 643-7008<br>
<dd><a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/" eudora="autourl">
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu</a><br>
<br>
</dl></blockquote></body>
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