<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Peter -</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">This is interesting too and suggests that possibly the hexose-rich nectar using orioles, honeyeaters and sunbirds would have a T1R1 that has evolved slightly differently from hummers T1R1 if hexose tastes different from the sucrose-rich hummer foods. That is pretty easy to test now that the groundwork has been laid for the T1 receptors in birds!</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Lisa </div></div><div class="gmail_extra">
<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Mon, Aug 25, 2014 at 9:34 AM, Peter Bernhardt <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu" target="_blank">bernhap2@slu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">Dear Lisa:<div><br></div><div>That's very interesting. There's also a question of digestion. I do remember some publications about 20 years ago about the ability of birds to digest sucrose. Apparently, many passerines like the enzyme sucrase. Their systems can't split the molecule and they either derive no energy or it's a dangerous feed for them. That's why you are not supposed to give a pet canary a sugar lump. This is also supposed to explain why so many small berries are hexose rich and low in sucrose. More important for us, nectar analyses of flowers pollinated by orioles, honeyeaters, sunbirds etc. were hexose rich or dominant. In contrast, most hummingbird nectars are sucrose rich/dominant. I wish I could remember the authors of these articles but someone in our group should know. </div>
<span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
<div><br></div><div>Peter</div></font></span></div><div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5"><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Aug 24, 2014 at 11:45 AM, Lisa Horth <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:lisahorth@gmail.com" target="_blank">lisahorth@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Peter,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
I think your point is an interesting one.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
The NewScientist blurb says T1R2 was lost from birds (but retained in lizards). </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
Now, hummers were just found to use T1R1 for tasting sweet (instead of tasting 'savory' with it, like other vertebrates). </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Liberies is quoted as saying "The re-evolution of sugar receptors may have happened multiple times". So, I'd expect that the authors of the Science paper would agree with you and will very likely search other (sugar eating) bird species for a functional T1Rs (especially T1R1s since part of their cool find is that it has been co-opted for a new function: sweet detection not savory detection). </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">The loss and regain (or shift in use) of sensory receptor function is cool and occurs in vomeronasal and visual receptors, too. For example, deep sea coelacanths have functional 'visual receptors' (opsins) that have evolved to only a tiny range of light that is visible in deep sea water. They have lost some receptors entirely, like the T1R2 was lost from birds. Shallow-water, sexually selecting guppies however, have a large number of visual color receptors, explaining how the females see all those dramatic tail colors. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Similarly, butterflies have more opsins than bees do, but that might not be news to this list........</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">Lisa</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666">
<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#666666"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra">
<br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div>On Fri, Aug 22, 2014 at 11:43 AM, Peter Bernhardt <a href="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu" target="_blank">bernhap2@slu.edu</a> [beemonitoring] <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:beemonitoring-noreply@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">beemonitoring-noreply@yahoogroups.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
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<p></p><div dir="ltr">The following link will take you to a popular article on the evolution and genetics of taste buds on a hummingbird's tongue. The article insists that most birds have lost the ability to taste the sweetness in foods. I'm not so sure I agree. What about all those fruit eating species in so many families as well as nectar drinking birds in the Meliphagidae, Nectarinidae, Zosteropidae etc.? <div>
<br></div><div><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26089-hummingbirds-turned-savoury-into-sweet-to-taste-nectar.html#.U_diqFb5gTs" target="_blank">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26089-hummingbirds-turned-savoury-into-sweet-to-taste-nectar.html#.U_diqFb5gTs</a><br>
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</font></span></blockquote></div><span><font color="#888888"><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Lisa Horth, PhD<br>Haupt Fellow</font><div>
<font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Smithsonian Gardens</font></div>
<div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Washington DC</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999"><a href="tel:%28202%29%20633-5849" value="+12026335849" target="_blank">(202) 633-5849</a></font></div>
<div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999"> &<br>
</font><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Associate Professor<br>Dept of Biological Science<br>Old Dominion University<br>Norfolk, VA 23529</font></div></div><div><font color="#999999" face="verdana, sans-serif"><a href="mailto:lhorth@odu.edu" target="_blank">lhorth@odu.edu</a></font></div>
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</blockquote></div><br></div>
</div></div></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Lisa Horth, PhD<br>Haupt Fellow</font><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Smithsonian Gardens</font></div>
<div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Washington DC</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">(202) 633-5849</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999"> &<br>
</font><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" color="#999999">Associate Professor<br>Dept of Biological Science<br>Old Dominion University<br>Norfolk, VA 23529</font></div></div><div><font color="#999999" face="verdana, sans-serif"><a href="mailto:lhorth@odu.edu" target="_blank">lhorth@odu.edu</a></font></div>
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