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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">One more thing. Out west, willow stems get infested by an invasive insect, the poplar and willow borer, and often keel over, creating a very messy bush.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">John H. Borden, PhD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Chief Scientific Officer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Contech Enterprises Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">7572 Progress Way, Delta, BC, V4G1E9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">604 940 9944 Ex 303<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><a href="http://www.contech-inc.com/"><span style="color:blue">www.contech-inc.com</span></a>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Pollinator [mailto:pollinator-bounces+john.borden=contech-inc.com@lists.sonic.net]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Peter Bernhardt<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, September 17, 2014 1:41 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Kelly Rourke<br>
<b>Cc:</b> 00—Pollinator 00—Pollinator<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Pollinator] Why aren't we growing more willows as an abundant source of pollen for bees? (Kevin Lindegaard)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Der Kelly:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Oooh, ooh, I can answer that one!<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">1) A number of willows sold in nurseries are non-native species and become pests as they grow with roots attacking sewer pipes or cesspools. Fallen branches grow on as vegetative clones if they fall into water and are swept onto wet sand
bars and deltas. This includes our own naturalized, not native, weeping willow (Salix babylonica).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">2) Many willows fail to secrete nectar in bloom. As you move further north in latitude insect-pollinated willow species or ecotypes are replaced by wind-pollinated species or ecotypes so no nectar. Some apiarists regard willows as emergency
pollen resources very early in late winter-spring when hives become active before most plants are in bloom.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">3) Do you have enough water to support your willows? A number of species require saturated soils saturated throughout most of their active growth cycle. This means they release more water vapor through their leaves every day increasing
ambient humidity. An oak on a stony hillside loses about 140 liters of water vapor through its leaves every day. A puny, little fragile willow (Salix fragilis) most release 463 liters a day.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">4) Messy and short-lived. The faster a tree grows, the faster it dies. Most willows are short lived (<20 years) and you must be prepared to remove dangerous dead wood and rotting-falling trunks during your life time. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">4) Best reason of all. J.R.R. Tolkien showed they were creepy, spooky and can't be trusted (see the first book of Lord of the Rings). The best Ents are rosewoods. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">So there, Peter <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Wed, Sep 17, 2014 at 3:02 PM, Kelly Rourke <<a href="mailto:kr@pollinator.org" target="_blank">kr@pollinator.org</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.crops4energy.co.uk/src-willows-abundant-source-pollen-bees/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">http://www.crops4energy.co.uk/src-willows-abundant-source-pollen-bees/</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Mary K. Byrne</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Plant Ecologist</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pollinator Partnership</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">423 Washington Street, 5th Floor</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">San Francisco, CA 94111</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">e: </span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><a href="mailto:mb@pollinator.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">mb@pollinator.org</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">w:</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><a href="http://www.pollinator.org" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">www.pollinator.org</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">p: <a href="tel:415.362.1137" target="_blank">415.362.1137</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<a href="https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator" target="_blank">https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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