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<dd><font size=2>Goulson, D., E. Nicholls, C. Bot and E. L. Rotheray.
2015. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides,
and lack of flowers. Science.<br><br>
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</dl><font face="Arial, Helvetica">Bees are subject to numerous pressures
in the modern world. The abundance and diversity of flowers has declined,
bees are chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals, and they are
simultaneously exposed to novel parasites accidentally spread by humans.
Climate change is likely to exacerbate these problems in the future.
Stressors do not act in isolation; for example pesticide exposure can
impair both detoxification mechanisms and immune responses, rendering
bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic
exposure to multiple, interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony
losses and declines of wild pollinators, but such interactions are not
addressed by current regulatory procedures and studying these
interactions experimentally poses a major challenge. In the meantime,
taking steps to reduce stress on bees would seem prudent; incorporating
flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through
adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective
quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that
should be adopted. Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is
urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.
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Published Online February 26 2015<br>
<i>Science</i> DOI: 10.1126/science.1255957 <br>
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.full" eudora="autourl">
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.full</a>
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