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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Some</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">personal</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">thought</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">s</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> from a small scale beekeeper (currently 31 colonies)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">. If you are inclined to read</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">more I selected</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">links to some</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">articles, studies that you may find interesting</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> and hopefully</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">The traits described in the papers and articles referenced are likely a key part of feral survival</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">A comment on traits and our bees. Honeybee queens mate</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">openly</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">in the air, some miles from their home colony at drone</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">congregation</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">areas. These are areas drones from c</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">o</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">lonies in a wide radius go every day(weather permitting of course). The queen will mate with 15,20,25 drones. Thus she has diverse source of semen to fertilize the work eggs and is less likely to m</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">te with one of her brothers from her colony.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> As a result, a portion of the workers will have various combinations of characteristics</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">strengthening the colony by not being 100%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">susceptible to disease etc.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> So it is not</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">likely</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">, in open mating</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">for an entire population of colony to</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">carry a certain trait and the level of the trait being expressed may vary. However, it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">does not take the whole population</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">to carry a trait to convey benefit.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Breeding/selecting programs involve instrumental insemination where characteristics can be established.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Managed colonies without these traits strengthened by breeding and selection can 'dilute' as it were the genes carried to the mating area, and conversely as more commercially available queens have these traits built up, our swarms and drones can raise the level in the are</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> Even small beekeepers can select for hygienic behavior when they choose a queen from which to graft new queens.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">It is</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">s</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">aid approximately 90% of the feral ho</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">eybees died as a result of the spread of the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Varroa</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">mites. Interestingly </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">there</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">was</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> found</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">hygienic</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">trait</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">that</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">apparently e</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">x</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">ist to a higher</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">egree</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> in</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">about 10% of honey bees,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">regardless</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> of 'race'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">('race; in European honeybees are same species, different variant</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">such as Italian, Carniolan, Caucasian</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">plus hybrids</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> and stocks</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">that have been developed</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> such as Buckfast, New world Carniolan, Minnesota Hygienic.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Personally I have always thought these</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">hygienic</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">characteristics, along with</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">the already mentions factors (swarming, comb size, small colony)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">contribute to the surviva</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">l</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> of those 10% feral population.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">I don't know of any observations that would classify any feral losses</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">to what comprises CCD.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">CCD characteristics</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">, which are numerous,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">seem to be more prevalent on colonies in the commercial industry than stationary ones. Frequent movement,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">greater pesticide</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">exposure</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">when in farms pollinating,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">poor forage</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">when on monoculture crops</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">The</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> hygienic trait is closely related to another behavior</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> VSH(Varroa sensitive hygiene- formerly called SMR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">suppression</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">of mite reproduction).</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">They are closely related:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2006/01/M6002.pdf"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2006/01/M6002.pdf</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">The hygienic behavior was</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">bred into</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">commercial</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">l</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">y available</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">queens by Marla Spivak (among the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><B> <FONT FACE="Calibri">top</FONT></B></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> bee</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">people</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="http://www.glenn-apiaries.com/minn.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.glenn-apiaries.com/minn.html</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">).</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">They are known as Minnesota Hygienic:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="https://www.beelab.umn.edu/sites/beelab.umn.edu/files/new-direction.pdf"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">https://www.beelab.umn.edu/sites/beelab.umn.edu/files/new-direction.pdf</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">T</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">he Baton Rouge</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">USDA</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">bee lab</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">did a lot of work on the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">SMR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">/VSH</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">trait</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="https://www.ars.usda.gov/southeast-area/baton-rouge-la/honey-bee-breeding-genetics-and-physiology-research/docs/projects/page-16/"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">https://www.ars.usda.gov/southeast-area/baton-rouge-la/honey-bee-breeding-genetics-and-physiology-research/docs/projects/page-16/</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">The hygienic and VSH traits have to do with detecting problem</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">in capped/pupating bee and removing the pupae and associated mites including the newly formed ones who</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">now cannot mate.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">The hygienic trait also has for a while been associated with better control of American Foulbrood, chalkbrood and other brood diseases.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">The VSH trait apparently give the bees the means to sniff out specific cells that have Varroa.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="http://www.glenn-apiaries.com/vsh.html#what"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.glenn-apiaries.com/vsh.html#what</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Grooming behavior</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> where bees groom each other causes some mites to be dislodged from the adult bees.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> The mite fall, and many of us use screened bottom board so there is some reduction o</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">f</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> adult mites in this way. I imagine feral colonies, usually occupying</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">h</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">ollow trees</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">, if they have a high grooming tendency and a fair amount of empty space under the lower combs may have a number of mites fall to the bottom of the hollow and not get ba</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">c</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">k to the brood nest.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Another relate</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> grooming behavi</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">o</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">r</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">recently getting more attention is what is</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"> dubbed 'ankle biters'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> Bees with this characteristic are very ag</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">g</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">re</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">s</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">sive to a Varroa mite and will bite the mites' leg</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> causing the mite, now punctured to desiccate and die. Lot of work at Purdue:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/beehive/pdf/2016_BC_Article.pdf"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/beehive/pdf/2016_BC_Article.pdf</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> and apparently additive so if beekeepers start to re</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">queen with bees carrying this perhaps it will</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">increase in the feral population as our bees swarm and feral queens mate with our drones.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> More:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="http://www.mountainstatequeens.com/"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.mountainstatequeens.com/</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Some research specific to feral bee survival:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2007/01/m6063.pdf"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2007/01/m6063.pdf</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0150362.PDF"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0150362.PDF</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Other articles:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/hygenequeen.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/hygenequeen.html</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://pinkpages.chrisbacherconsulting.com/2000_Nov_-_Hygenic_Behavior.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><U><FONT COLOR="#0563C1" FACE="Calibri">http://pinkpages.chrisbacherconsulting.com/2000_Nov_-_Hygenic_Behavior.html</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Hope that is of interest,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Jeff Pfoutz</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Beekeeper</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">(15 seasons)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">, Leesburg, VA</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">-----Original Message-----<BR>
From: Pollinator [<A HREF="mailto:pollinator-bounces+bees=mindspring.com@lists.sonic.net">mailto:pollinator-bounces+bees=mindspring.com@lists.sonic.net</A>] On Behalf Of pollinator-request@lists.sonic.net<BR>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Today's Topics:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> 1. Feral Honeybee Health? (Peter Bernhardt)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> 2. Re: Feral Honeybee Health? (Maraiah Russell)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> 3. Re: Feral Honeybee Health? (Stephanie Parreira)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri"> 4. Re: Feral Honeybee Health? (</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:johnrpurdy@gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">johnrpurdy@gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<BR>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">----------------------------------------------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message: 1</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2016 19:49:43 -0500</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">From: Peter Bernhardt <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">bernhap2@slu.edu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">To: Bee United <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Pollinator List-serv</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:pollinator@lists.sonic.net"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">pollinator@lists.sonic.net</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Peter Wyse Jackson</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: [Pollinator] Feral Honeybee Health?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message-ID:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:CACxVh_wVZr2AmJhixnHjdF2VNHWp8PN8O+8YR1PHbYHqSKXiqA@mail.gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">CACxVh_wVZr2AmJhixnHjdF2VNHWp8PN8O+8YR1PHbYHqSKXiqA@mail.gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">This afternoon Dr Peter Wyse Jackson, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, asked a most important question I could not answer. What is known about the health of feral, naturalize Apis mellifera vs. industrial hives or even home hives? Do these feral colonies suffer from the same level of Colony Collapse Disorder and Varroa? If you have pertinent literature on this topic please forward it to Dr Wyse Jackson.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Sincerely,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter Bernhardt, Prof. of Biology</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Saint Louis University</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">-------------- next part --------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">URL: <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160906/21ac5bdd/attachment-0001.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160906/21ac5bdd/attachment-0001.html</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message: 2</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Date: Wed, 7 Sep 2016 12:51:36 +0000</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">From: Maraiah Russell <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:maraiah.russell@kidszoo.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">maraiah.russell@kidszoo.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">To: Peter Bernhardt <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">bernhap2@slu.edu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Bee United</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Pollinator List-serv</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:pollinator@lists.sonic.net"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">pollinator@lists.sonic.net</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Peter Wyse Jackson</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: Re: [Pollinator] Feral Honeybee Health?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message-ID:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:9881A656E1A5C749A633F547C9C48A91704493A6@FWZ-EX2K10.fortwaynezoo.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">9881A656E1A5C749A633F547C9C48A91704493A6@FWZ-EX2K10.fortwaynezoo.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">I think Tom Seeley is one of the experts on this, a list of his many publications is here:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/seeleypub.shtml"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/seeleypub.shtml</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">The wild populations seem to handle the Varroa better, and possibly are adapting. Their natural comb size, frequent swarming, and smaller colony size have all been proposed as reasons why Varroa isn't decimating their populations like managed colonies. I have no idea about the Colony Collapse Disorder.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Maraiah Russell</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Fort Wayne Children's Zoo</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">________________________________</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">From: Pollinator [pollinator-bounces+maraiah.russell=kidszoo.org@lists.sonic.net] on behalf of Peter Bernhardt [bernhap2@slu.edu]</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Sent: Tuesday, September 06, 2016 8:49 PM</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">To: Bee United; Pollinator List-serv; Peter Wyse Jackson</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: [Pollinator] Feral Honeybee Health?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">This afternoon Dr Peter Wyse Jackson, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, asked a most important question I could not answer. What is known about the health of feral, naturalize Apis mellifera vs. industrial hives or even home hives? Do these feral colonies suffer from the same level of Colony Collapse Disorder and Varroa? If you have pertinent literature on this topic please forward it to Dr Wyse Jackson.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Sincerely,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter Bernhardt, Prof. of Biology</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Saint Louis University</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">-------------- next part --------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">URL: <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160907/9cabcc19/attachment-0001.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160907/9cabcc19/attachment-0001.html</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message: 3</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Date: Tue, 6 Sep 2016 21:16:19 -0700</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">From: Stephanie Parreira <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:parreirastephanie@gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">parreirastephanie@gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">To: Peter Bernhardt <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">bernhap2@slu.edu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Cc: Bee United <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Peter Wyse Jackson</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Pollinator List-serv</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:pollinator@lists.sonic.net"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">pollinator@lists.sonic.net</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: Re: [Pollinator] Feral Honeybee Health?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message-ID:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:CAMiYSDr9fxdZpuDmDho35MeVtiLcUUV=odGVvfcvFDCpMrkNBg@mail.gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">CAMiYSDr9fxdZpuDmDho35MeVtiLcUUV=odGVvfcvFDCpMrkNBg@mail.gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Hi Peter,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">I think very little is known about feral bee health. During some public education events about bees, I have encountered a few landowners who have told me that they have large feral colonies near their property (several in old barns) that have been there a long time and seem to be prospering, despite the common assumption that because feral colonies are not treated for *Varroa *mites, they would be more likely to fail. In this case, the reason for that might be that those colonies are not near any large apiaries or managed colonies that may be able to transfer mites or diseases to the feral hive. But all in all, no one has surveyed how many feral colonies are present in the United States or compared their rates of failure to the failure of managed colonies. (If anyone knows of existing literature that does examine these things, please point me in that</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">direction.)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Stephanie Parreira</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">On Tue, Sep 6, 2016 at 5:49 PM, Peter Bernhardt <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">bernhap2@slu.edu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> wrote:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> This afternoon Dr Peter Wyse Jackson, Director of the Missouri </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> Botanical Garden, asked a most important question I could not answer. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> What is known about the health of feral, naturalize Apis mellifera vs. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> industrial hives or even home hives? Do these feral colonies suffer </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> from the same level of Colony Collapse Disorder and Varroa? If you </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> have pertinent literature on this topic please forward it to Dr Wyse Jackson.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> Sincerely,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> Peter Bernhardt, Prof. of Biology</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> Saint Louis University</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> _______________________________________________</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">> Pollinator mailing list</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="mailto:Pollinator@lists.sonic.net"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Pollinator@lists.sonic.net</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">-------------- next part --------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">URL: <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160906/871d52ca/attachment-0001.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160906/871d52ca/attachment-0001.html</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message: 4</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Date: Wed, 07 Sep 2016 13:17:47 -0400</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">From:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"> </SPAN><A HREF="mailto:johnrpurdy@gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">johnrpurdy@gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">To: Maraiah Russell <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:maraiah.russell@kidszoo.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">maraiah.russell@kidszoo.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Peter Bernhardt</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">bernhap2@slu.edu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Bee United <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">beemonitoring@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri">Pollinator List-serv <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:pollinator@lists.sonic.net"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">pollinator@lists.sonic.net</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">>, Peter Wyse Jackson</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"> <FONT FACE="Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Peter.Wysejackson@mobot.org</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: Re: [Pollinator] Feral Honeybee Health?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Message-ID: <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="mailto:20160907171747.4862091.94488.21700@gmail.com"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">20160907171747.4862091.94488.21700@gmail.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">URL: <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160907/a0805a00/attachment-0001.html"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">http://lists.sonic.net/pipermail/pollinator/attachments/20160907/a0805a00/attachment-0001.html</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Subject: Digest Footer</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">_______________________________________________</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">Pollinator mailing list</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN><A HREF="https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator"><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">https://lists.sonic.net/mailman/listinfo/pollinator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></A><SPAN LANG="en-us"></SPAN></P>
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<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">------------------------------</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">End of Pollinator Digest, Vol 1738, Issue 1</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=LTR><SPAN LANG="en-us"><FONT FACE="Calibri">*******************************************</FONT></SPAN></P>
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