<div dir="ltr"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-wrap" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px auto;padding:0px 2rem;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;max-width:80rem"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-breadcrumbs" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:inherit;margin:2rem 0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif">Dear Family and Colleagues:</div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-breadcrumbs" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:inherit;margin:2rem 0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif">Saint Louis University sent out a press release of our published study on birds foot violet and its warm petals this morning.  Here is the article that went into our daily newslink circulated on campus.  However, it looks like other versions will appear on line.  I'd like you to see this version first as Retha and I revised it after we sent information on to SLU Media staff writer, Jeanetter Grider.  Other news outlets will cut this information down to fit sacrificing accuracy. It's important to us that the Shaw Nature Reserve and Cuivre River State receives credit and exposure for their support of our fieldwork over three years.</div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-breadcrumbs" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:inherit;margin:2rem 0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif">Peter</div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-breadcrumbs" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:inherit;margin:2rem 0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.slu.edu/" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">Home</a> » <a href="https://www.slu.edu/news/" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">News</a> » <a href="https://www.slu.edu/news/2017/" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">2017</a> » <a href="https://www.slu.edu/news/2017/january/" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">January</a> » SLU Scientists Discover Bees Prefer Warm Violets in Cool Forests </div></div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-section" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:2rem 0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-wrap" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px auto;padding:0px 2rem;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;max-width:80rem"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-main m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-main--center" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px auto;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;float:none"><h1 style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:3.25rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif;font-weight:400">SLU Scientists Discover Bees Prefer Warm Violets in Cool Forests </h1><p class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-p--alt" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif">Research by scientists at Saint Louis University’s Bernhardt/Meier Laboratory engaged in a study of Missouri bees and wildflowers has been published in the online “Journal of Pollination Ecology.”</p></div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-main m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-main--center" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px auto;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;float:none"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266embed" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266embed__media" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px"><img src="https://www.slu.edu/news/img/bee-flowers-960.jpg" alt="bees" width="960" height="640" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;vertical-align:middle;display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto"></div><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266embed__caption" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:inherit;margin:1rem 0px 0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 0.125rem;border-bottom-color:rgb(188,188,188)"><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 1rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Bees prefer to forage upside down on these flowers so their hind legs and bee butts are warmed by the dark petals as they drink nectar and collect pollen. <em style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Photo by Zong-Xin Ren</em></p></div></div><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Peter Bernhardt, Ph.D., a professor of biology at SLU and research associate at the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust in Sydney, New South Wales, has been studying reproductive patterns in wildflowers in six countries for more than 40 years and, like most dedicated scientists, thrives on new discoveries such as how bees respond to the color of the flowers they pollinate.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">"Remember how you were told that a dark coat keeps you a little warmer on a cold but sunny day?” Bernhardt said. “Some plants blooming in chilly environments have dark purple or almost black patches on their flowers to keep cold-blooded insects toasty warm as they pollinate."</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Bernhardt said three years of research at their lab, with field work at Missouri’s Cuivre River State Park and the Shaw Nature Reserve (owned by the Missouri Botanical Garden) illustrate a new side to this colorful tale in the online journal.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">The birds foot violet (Viola pedata) has two, common, color forms when it blooms during the cool, Missouri, April. The concolor form makes flowers with five light violet-mauve petals. The flower of a bicolor plant has three mauve petals plus two top petals that are a deep, dark, funereal purple.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Co-researcher Retha Edens-Meier, Ph.D., a professor and research scientist in SLU’s School of Education, using thermocouples, and a hypodermic tissue probe, learned that these dark petals are up to 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the surrounding atmosphere when they stand in a pool of Spring sunlight. Bees, especially fuzzy females of Carlin’s bee (Andrena carlinii), prefer to forage upside down on these flowers so their hind legs and bee butts are warmed by the dark petals as they drink nectar and collect pollen.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=190rBkdvVXE" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">here</a> to view a video by Retha Edens-Meier, Ph.D., of a native bee standing on her head to forage while clinging to the dark petals.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">“What is so unusual about these findings is that, when given a choice over two years, native bees preferred to forage on the concolor form so concolor flowers made more seeds compared to bicolors,” said Bernhardt.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Comparing violet populations, at two isolated sites, the research team noted that when the plants grew in a sunny, open, limestone glade (Shaw Nature Reserve) the concolors outnumbered the bicolors by 40 to one. It was very different on the shady forested slope at Cuivre River State Park where bicolors and concolors occurred in almost equal numbers or bicolors outnumbered concolors by almost two-to-one in one season. As pools of light shifted over the course of the day under the trees in the cooler forest, cold-blooded bees visited the bicolors more frequently, possibly because of the warmth provided by the darker petals.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Edens-Meier also says that these studies provide us with a fresh insight into how such tiny wild flowers continue to thrive and reproduce.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">“Bird’s-foot violets have an unusually broad distribution from eastern Canada through at least 30 American states. Research on these botanical beauties reveals interesting information valuable to ecologists, conservationists, and the general public,” Edens-Meier said. “Although bird’s-foot violets are not endangered within the United States plenty of other plant species are in significant decline.”</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">“Our goals are to investigate plant breeding systems and pollination ecology, especially in rare and threatened plants. As climate change continues to be responsible for out-of-sync bee emergence with flowering periods and bee-specific pollination events, pollination ecology has become an ever-increasing valuable field of study that helps us understand the ecological impact of these environmental changes. Through research and education, we can attempt to save our threatened organisms, one species at a time,” Edens-Meier added.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Researchers on this study included Peter Bernhardt, Ph.D., Retha Edens-Meier, Ph.D, and Gerardo Camilo, Ph. D, of Saint Louis University as well as Dowen Jocson (now a Masters student at Saint Louis University.), Justin Zweck (Ph.D. student in the Bernhardt/Meier lab), Dr. Zong-Xin Ren (Kunming Institute of Botany, Yunnan, China) and Dr. Michael Arduser. (Missouri Department of Conservation, retired).</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">Click <a href="http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&page=article&op=view&path[]=403" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">here</a> to read the full Journal of Pollination Ecology story.</p><p style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 2rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px">For additional information, contact Peter Bernhardt at <a href="tel:(314)%20977-7152" value="+13149777152" target="_blank">(314) 977-7152</a> or <a href="mailto:bernhap2@slu.edu?subject=" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(0,61,165);background-size:100% 0.0625rem;background-position:0px 88%" target="_blank">bernhap2@slu.edu</a>.</p></div></div></div><footer class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-footer" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:4rem 0px 0px;padding:4rem 0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0.75rem 0px 0px;border-top-color:rgb(188,188,188);background-color:rgb(0,61,165);color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:brandon-grotesque,sans-serif"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-wrap" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px auto;padding:0px 2rem;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;max-width:80rem"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-footer__main" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:20px;line-height:30px;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;float:right"><div class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-footer__tagline" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:2.5rem;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 1rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;font-family:'crimson text',serif">Higher purpose. Greater good.</div><ul class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-footer__social" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.75rem;padding:0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;list-style:none"><li class="m_-9066515022802971498m_522492501791281266gmail-footer__social__item" style="box-sizing:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0px 1rem 0px 0px;padding:0px;bo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