<div dir="ltr"><div><div>Hi again Sabrina and everyone,<br><br></div>Site prep is definitely the most important step and as Nancy has explained, solarization is the best option where you can do it (thanks for the idea of asking lumber yards for their waste plastic, Nancy!!!) That will eliminate most of the non-native grasses. But it really depends on the site and where on the continent you are. A controlled burn is great in prairie areas, but not advised in the US Southwest.<br></div><div><br></div><div>In terms of mowing, three times a year is indeed expensive in carbon, time and money. You could cut it down to once a year, and there are different timing options depending on where you are and what your priorities are.<br><br></div><div>And yes, as Claus wrote, sheep tend to like the same forbs as bees so depending on when they're grazing, they could prevent plants from flowering.They do use them in the UK for winter and early spring grazing in solar panels and that seems to combine well with providing habitat for pollinators as they are removed in time to allow forbs to flower (see attached study). The Xerces book Claus referenced is an excellent resource and covers the options that are available depending on your site conditions.<br></div><div><br></div>All the best,<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Kathleen Law<br></div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Outreach Program Manager<br></span></div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pollinator Partnership</span></span><br><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)"><font size="2"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">1139 College St.</span><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Toronto, ON M6H 1B5<br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">c: 416-838-6373<br><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Head Office<br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">423 Washington Street, 5th Floor<br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">San Francisco CA 94111<br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">t: 415-362-1137<br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">w: <a href="http://pollinator.org" target="_blank">pollinator.org </a><br><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ThePollinatorPartnership" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvOdUVlbjhfcmdKNlk&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvOMFdBU3BVNmJoaHVTaTNTd0EwS015SVFIa3NFPQ"></a><a href="https://twitter.com/Pollinators" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvOQ0puMTFvLTJsX28&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvOcDhWRDBtS2wvSjlGU25SQkg1OVJ0M1B4RFJNPQ"></a><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PollinatorOrg" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvOVU12bkVIbXdlWXM&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvOclpTSUVvM1FtZzhwdFhyQXVZdWQ2MXhBV3hBPQ"></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/PollinatorPartners" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvON2tvZFQ3MUpJZVE&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvOOWxybGNjTUYyMmRKdGtPcmNoUjYvWDROVjNjPQ"></a><br><a href="http://pollinator.org/canada.htm" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvOVUNmMlV3eE1VVjA&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvONURXUENFWDJzaFRHYjB0VStmSWZ1MXI5WmRRPQ" height="52" width="117"></a><a href="http://pollinator.org/million-pollinator-garden-challenge.htm" target="_blank"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B9_dWtjX-cvONFhLaERxbmFtUW8&revid=0B9_dWtjX-cvOOW1ZOXRHM29mTnByN2RvWUNScVVQZEZFNnk4PQ"></a><br></span></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, Apr 20, 2018 at 11:16 AM, Holmes, Nancy <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:nancy.holmes@ubc.ca" target="_blank">nancy.holmes@ubc.ca</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Hi Sabrina: If you’re like me and don’t like the idea of using herbicides (mostly just afraid of worsening my already fraught relationship
with the earth) I think there are other options, but they’re slow. I’ve had permaculture guys suggest grazers too but in the end I just couldn’t figure out how to do that properly. Getting a great native meadow-building book or guide is helpful. We have
been experimenting on various methods for replacing invasive grasses and other species over the past two years on our Pollinator Pasture site
<a href="http://borderfreebees.com/kelowna-public-art-pollinator-pasture/" target="_blank">http://borderfreebees.com/<wbr>kelowna-public-art-pollinator-<wbr>pasture/</a>. We have been most successful with plastic solarisation methods that kill the invasive grasses and species, then
we seed over. We get donated plastic from lumber yards—that big lumber wrap. We’d done about half an acre at a time (and we donate the plastic to others to use as solarisation sheets to try to keep stuff out of the landfill!) The solarisation does a
great job of killing off the invasive grasses (we left the plastic on for spring and summer one season- ok- and a whole year – better!) but pesky bindweed seems pretty unkillable! But I think we’re making the conversion slowly though I am trying to not expect
perfection!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Best of luck,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Nancy Holmes<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> Pollinator [mailto:<a href="mailto:pollinator-bounces%2Bnancy.holmes" target="_blank">pollinator-bounces+<wbr>nancy.holmes</a>=<a href="mailto:ubc.ca@lists.sonic.net" target="_blank">ubc.ca@lists.<wbr>sonic.net</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard Johnstone<br>
<b>Sent:</b> April-19-18 11:53 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Kathleen Law <<a href="mailto:kl@pollinator.org" target="_blank">kl@pollinator.org</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:pollinator@nappc.org" target="_blank">pollinator@nappc.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Pollinator] Maintaining pollinator habitat<u></u><u></u></span></p><div><div class="h5">
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<p class="MsoNormal">You should use selective herbicides to target the non-native grasses first to allow your forbs to grow. With the right herbicides there is no need to mow or use sheep. If you use sheep without killing the non-native grasses, they will most
likely eat the native grasses and forbs first, and leave the non-native grasses alone to dominate the site.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Rick Johnstone<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, Apr 19, 2018 at 2:24 PM, Kathleen Law <<a href="mailto:kl@pollinator.org" target="_blank">kl@pollinator.org</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Hi Sabrina,<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I have no direct experience but here's a list of studies on the topic to get you started:<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Bai, Y. G., Z. Abouguendia, and R. E. Redmann. 2001. Relationship between plant species diversity and grassland condition. Journal of Range Management 54:177–183.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Black, S. H., N. Hodges, M. Vaughan, and M. Shepherd. 2007. Pollinators in natural areas: a primer on habitat management. Lloydia (Cincinnati):8.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Carvell, C. 2002. Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes. Biological Conservation 103:33–49.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Dover, J. W., S. Spencer, S. Collins, I. Hadjigeorgiou, and A. Rescia. 2011. Grassland butterflies and low intensity farming in Europe. Journal of Insect Conservation 15:129–137.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Elwell, S. L., T. Griswold, and E. Elle. 2016. Habitat type plays a greater role than livestock grazing in structuring shrubsteppe plant–pollinator communities. Journal of Insect Conservation.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Farruggia, A., B. Dumont, A. Scohier, T. Leroy, P. Pradel, and J. P. Garel. 2012. An alternative rotational stocking management designed to favour butterflies in permanent grasslands. Grass and Forage Science 67:136–149.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Fischer, S. J., E. H. Williams, L. P. Brower, and P. A. Palmiotto. 2015. Enhancing Monarch Butterfly Reproduction by Mowing Fields of Common Milkweed. The American Midland Naturalist 173:229–240.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Hoffman, S., M. Shepherd, and M. Vaughan. 2011. Range Management for Pollinators. Society for Range Management 33:9–13.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Hudewenz, A., A. M. Klein, C. Scherber, L. Stanke, T. Tscharntke, A. Vogel, A. Weigelt, W. W. Weisser, and A. Ebeling. 2012. Herbivore and pollinator responses to grassland management intensity along experimental changes in plant
species richness. Biological Conservation 150:42–52.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Kruess, A., and T. Tscharntke. 2002. Contrasting responses of plant and insect diversity to variation in grazing intensity. Biological Conservation 106:293–302.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Kruess, A., and T. Tscharntke. 2014. Grazing intensity and the diversity of grasshoppers, butterflies and trap-nest bees and wasps. Conservation Biology 16:1570–1580.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Machmuller, M. B., M. G. Kramer, T. K. Cyle, N. Hill, D. Hancock, and A. Thompson. 2015. Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter. Nature Communications 6:6995.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">MacPhail, V., and J. Kyle. 2012. Rotational Grazing in Extensive Pastures. Guelph.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">McGraw, R. L., F. W. Shockley, J. F. Thompson, and C. A. Roberts. (n.d.). Evaluation of native legume species for forage yield, quality and seed production. Native Plants:152–160.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Morandin, L. A., M. L. Winston, V. A. Abbott, and M. T. Franklin. 2007. Can pastureland increase wild bee abundance in agriculturally intense areas? Basic and Applied Ecology 8:117–124.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Sjödin, N. E., J. Bengtsson, B. Ekbom, N. E. Sj, J. Bengtsson, and B. Ekbom. 2015. The influence of grazing intensity and landscape on the diversity and abundance of composition insects 45:763–772.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Sjödin, N. E., J. Bengtsson, and B. Ekbom. 2008. The influence of grazing intensity and landscape composition on the diversity and abundance of flower-visiting insects. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:763–772.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Technical, B., N. No, and D. May. 2011. Attachment to Biology Technical Note No. KS-37 Dated May 31, 2011:1–23.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-left:24.0pt">Vulliamy, B., S. G. Potts, and P. G. Willmer. 2006. The effects of cattle grazing on plant-pollinator communities in a fragmented Mediterranean landscape. Oikos 114:529–543.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Enjoy!<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666">Outreach Program Manager</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666">1139 College St.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666">Head Office</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666">423 Washington Street, 5th Floor</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666">t: 415-362-1137</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="color:#666666">w: <a href="http://pollinator.org" target="_blank">
pollinator.org </a></span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#666666"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ThePollinatorPartnership" target="_blank"><span style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;text-decoration:none"><img style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="m_7641854936890472593_x0000_i1025" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender." border="0" height="100" width="100"></span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/Pollinators" target="_blank"><span style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;text-decoration:none"><img style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="m_7641854936890472593_x0000_i1026" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender." border="0" height="100" width="100"></span></a><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PollinatorOrg" target="_blank"><span style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;text-decoration:none"><img style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="m_7641854936890472593_x0000_i1027" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender." border="0" height="100" width="100"></span></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/PollinatorPartners" target="_blank"><span style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;text-decoration:none"><img style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="m_7641854936890472593_x0000_i1028" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender." border="0" height="100" width="100"></span></a><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, Apr 19, 2018 at 2:17 PM, Sabrina Malach <<a href="mailto:sabrinamalach@gmail.com" target="_blank">sabrinamalach@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">Hello everyone!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">I am in the process of creating a 20-acre bee sanctuary with native plants. Two years ago, we piloted the project and planted 4-acre. The first year we had a drought and little
showed up and last year there was tons of rain and things were blooming.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">I was advised to mow 3 times a year to keep the non-native grasses that had been there for decades at bay. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">We hired someone to mow for us but it was expensive and carbon heavy. My friend has offered to let sheeps do the work and im wondering if anyone has utlitzed animals for ecological
restoration. If so, please share your experience and lessons learned.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">Thank you,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sabrina <u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
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