<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small"><div class="gmail-w-100" style="width:1130.47px"><h1 class="gmail-font--headline gmail-gray-darkest gmail-pb-sm" id="gmail-main-content" style="margin:0px;font-size:3.5rem;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:16px;font-family:Postoni,garamond,serif;line-height:1.1">Scientists may have found a new coronavirus rapid-testing method: Bees</h1></div><div><div class="gmail-w-100 gmail-mw-100 gmail-h-auto" width="600" height="419" style="width:713.109px;max-width:100%;height:auto"><br></div>Scientists say they have trained bees to stick out their tongues when they detect the scent of the coronavirus. (InsectSense)</div><div class="gmail-flex gmail-flex-column gmail-flex-ns-row gmail-justify-between-ns" style="display:flex"><div class="gmail-flex" style="display:flex"><div class="gmail-items-center gmail-byline-wrapper gmail-dn gmail-db-ns" style="max-width:500px"><div class="gmail-pb-xs" style="padding-bottom:8px;max-width:500px"><div class="gmail-mb-xxs gmail-flex gmail-items-center" style="margin-bottom:4px;display:flex"><span class="gmail-"><div class="gmail-flex" style="display:flex"><div class="gmail-font-xxxs gmail-dib gmail-font-xxs-ns" style="font-size:1rem;display:inline-block"><span class="gmail-gray-darkest" style="color:rgb(42,42,42)">By </span><div class="gmail-dib" aria-controls="author-tooltip" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="display:inline-block"><a class="gmail-gray-darkest gmail-b gmail-bb gmail-bc-gray gmail-bt-hover" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/marisa-iati/" style="color:rgb(42,42,42);text-decoration-line:none;border-color:rgb(170,170,170);border-top-style:initial;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:initial;border-right-width:0px;border-left-style:initial;border-left-width:0px">Marisa Iati</a></div></div></div></span></div></div><div class="gmail-mb-sm gmail-mb-md-ns gmail-gray-dark gmail-font--subhead gmail-font-xxxs" style="color:rgb(102,102,102);margin-bottom:24px;font-family:Franklin,arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.25;font-size:0.875rem"><span class="gmail-display-date gmail-gray-dark">May 7, 2021 at 5:40 p.m. EDT</span></div></div></div><div class="gmail-mb-sm gmail-mt-0 gmail-relative gmail-undefined" style="margin-bottom:16px;margin-left:0px"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-items-center" style="display:flex"><div aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" class="gmail-bg-white gmail-hover-bg-gray-lighter gmail-focus-bg-gray-lighter gmail-flex gmail-items-center gmail-justify-center gmail-h-md gmail-brad-lg gmail-ml-0 gmail-mr-xxs gmail-pl-xs gmail-pr-xs gmail-pointer gmail-transition-400 ease-in-out gmail-transition-colors gmail-relative" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Gift this story" id="gmail-gift-share-open" style="border-radius:20px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;height:40px;display:flex"><span class="gmail-pa-xxs gmail-dib gmail-brad-50 gmail-font-0 gmail-absolute gmail-right-0 gmail-top-0 gmail-mt-xxs gmail-bg-blue-bright" aria-hidden="true" style="border-radius:50%;background-color:rgb(61,115,213);margin-top:4px;padding:4px;font-size:0px;display:inline-block"></span></div><div class="gmail-dib" aria-controls="share-tooltip" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="display:inline-block"><button class="gmail-pa-0 gmail-flex-shrink-0 gmail-brad-50 gmail-border-box gmail-transition-colors gmail-duration-200 ease-in-out gmail-bg-white gmail-hover-bg-gray-lighter gmail-focus-bg-gray-lighter gmail-offblack gmail-b-solid gmail-bw gmail-bc-gray-light gmail-hover-bc-gray-light gmail-focus-bc-gray-darkest-alpha-50 gmail-mr-xxs gmail-h-md gmail-w-md gmail-pointer gmail-b-none" aria-label="Share this story" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);border-width:0px;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(213,213,213);padding:0px;font:inherit;color:rgb(17,17,17);text-transform:inherit;border-radius:50%;margin-right:4px;width:40px;height:40px"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-items-center gmail-justify-center gmail-h-100 gmail-w-100" style="width:40px;height:40px;display:flex"></div></button></div><button aria-label="Comment on this story" class="gmail-bg-white gmail-hover-bg-gray-lighter gmail-focus-bg-gray-lighter gmail-flex gmail-items-center gmail-justify-center gmail-h-md gmail-brad-lg gmail-ml-0 gmail-pl-xs gmail-pr-xs gmail-pointer gmail-transition-400 ease-in-out gmail-transition-colors" style="display:flex;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);border-color:inherit;border-style:inherit;padding-top:inherit;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:inherit;padding-left:8px;font:inherit;text-transform:inherit;border-radius:20px;margin-left:0px;height:40px"><span class="gmail-font-xxxxs gmail-gray-darkest gmail-sc-coral-count" style="color:rgb(42,42,42);font-size:0.75rem"><span class="gmail-pr-xs gmail-pl-xs" style="padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px">405</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="gmail-article-body"><div class="gmail-teaser-content"><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">The fight against the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/coronavirus/?itid=lk_inline_manual_2" target="_blank" class="gmail-contextual_link" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">coronavirus</a> pandemic has scientists tapping an unlikely resource: the finely tuned olfactory sense of bees.</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">Dutch researchers on Monday <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en/news-wur/Show/Training-bees-to-smell-the-coronavirus.htm" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">said they have trained honeybees</a> to stick out their tongues when presented with the virus’s unique scent, acting as a kind of rapid test.</p></div></div></div><div class="gmail-remainder-content"><div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">Although it’s a less conventional method than lab tests, the scientists said teaching bees to diagnose the coronavirus could help fill a gap in low-income countries with limited access to more sophisticated technology, like materials for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">“Not all laboratories have that, especially in smaller-income countries,” said Wim van der Poel, a professor at Wageningen University, which led the research. “Bees are everywhere, and the apparatus is not very complicated.”</p></div></div><div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">The scientists trained roughly 150 bees with a Pavlovian conditioning method in which they gave the insects a sugar-water solution each time they were exposed to the smell of the coronavirus. When the bees were presented with a sample that was negative for the virus, they received no reward.</p></div></div><div><div class="gmail-cb gmail-dn gmail-db-ns" style="clear:both"><div aria-hidden="true" class="gmail-hide-for-print gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-justify-center gmail-content-box gmail-items-center gmail-b gmail-bb gmail-mb-md gmail-mt-none gmail-pt-lg gmail-pb-lg" style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-left:0px;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:32px;padding-bottom:32px;display:flex;box-sizing:initial;min-height:298px"><div class="gmail-center gmail-absolute gmail-w-100" style="text-align:center;width:713.109px"><div class="gmail-dib gmail-flex gmail-divider gmail-gray-dark gmail-pl-xs gmail-pr-xs gmail-font-sans-serif gmail-light gmail-font-xxxxs gmail-lh-md" style="color:rgb(102,102,102);padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;font-family:Franklin,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.25;display:flex"></div></div><div class="gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-flex-column gmail-justify-center gmail-w-100 gmail-chromatic-ignore" style="width:713.109px;display:flex;min-height:250px;min-width:300px"><div id="gmail-moatPxCont349519" style="width:713.109px;height:306px"><div id="gmail-moatPxDiv429544" style="width:0px;height:0px"><div id="gmail-MoatPxIOPT2_86641327" style="width:13.4px;height:6px;border-style:none"></div></div></div><div id="gmail-moatPxCont349519" style="width:713.109px;height:306px"><div id="gmail-moatPxDiv524228" style="width:0px;height:0px"><div id="gmail-MoatPxIOPT2_49575270" style="width:13.4px;height:6px;border-style:none"></div></div></div><span id="gmail-slug_inline_bb" aria-hidden="true" style="display:block;min-height:250px;margin:auto;width:620px"><div class="gmail-teads-inread gmail-xs-screen" style="overflow:hidden;height:306px;box-sizing:content-box;margin:0px auto;max-width:440px"><div style="margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><div class="gmail-teads-ui-components-label" style="color:rgb(88,88,88);font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;height:21px;line-height:21px;letter-spacing:0.3px;margin-bottom:0px"><br></div><div class="gmail-teads-player" id="gmail-teads0" style="margin-bottom:0px"></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">After repeatedly extending their tongues — technically called proboscises — for the sugar water, the scientists said the bees learned to stick out their tongues for a positive sample, even with no reward offered. Within hours, the insects were trained to identify the virus a few seconds after encountering it, the researchers said.</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">While the research continues, van der Poel said the scientists believe they can achieve about a 95 percent accuracy rate if they use multiple insects to sniff each sample. Their results have not yet been published or peer-reviewed.</p></div></div><div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">“Our first goal was to demonstrate that we could train bees to do this, and that’s where we succeeded,” van der Poel said. “And now we are calculating, and we are continuing the work to see how sensitive the method is.”</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">The idea for the research sprang from the founders of Dutch insect-technology start-up InsectSense, who <a href="https://insectsense.com/about-us-full/" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">had previously used bees</a> to detect mineral-rich ore and land mines. When staff realized they could also train bees to find the coronavirus, they looped in the university researchers.</p></div></div><div><div class="gmail-cb gmail-dn gmail-db-ns" style="clear:both"><div aria-hidden="true" class="gmail-hide-for-print gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-justify-center gmail-content-box gmail-items-center gmail-b gmail-bb gmail-mb-md gmail-mt-none gmail-pt-lg gmail-pb-lg" style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-left:0px;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:32px;padding-bottom:32px;display:flex;box-sizing:initial;min-height:298px"><div class="gmail-center gmail-absolute gmail-w-100" style="text-align:center;width:713.109px"><div class="gmail-dib gmail-flex gmail-divider gmail-gray-dark gmail-pl-xs gmail-pr-xs gmail-font-sans-serif gmail-light gmail-font-xxxxs gmail-lh-md" style="color:rgb(102,102,102);padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;font-family:Franklin,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.25;display:flex"></div></div><div class="gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-flex-column gmail-justify-center gmail-w-100 gmail-chromatic-ignore" style="width:713.109px;display:flex;min-height:250px;min-width:300px"><span id="gmail-slug_inline_bb_2" aria-hidden="true" style="display:block;min-height:250px;margin:auto;width:300px"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.science/animals_11__container__" style="border:0pt none;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px"></div></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">Each time the scientists wanted to train a new set of bees, they used a refrigerator or the natural external temperature to cool them down and make them less active, van der Poel said. Then they put the bees in harnesses so they would stay still while confronted with the samples, which consist of the respiratory material from a nasal swab mixed with chemicals.</p></div></div><div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">The bees smelled samples from both minks and humans, and were similarly good at identifying the virus in both situations, van der Poel said.</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">InsectSense said it is working on a machine that could train multiple bees simultaneously to make the diagnoses, as well as a biochip that would use genes from the cells that bees smell with to detect the virus. That method would circumvent the need to use live insects, which van der Poel said might be impractical on a large scale.</p></div></div><div><div class="gmail-cb gmail-dn gmail-db-ns" style="clear:both"><div aria-hidden="true" class="gmail-hide-for-print gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-justify-center gmail-content-box gmail-items-center gmail-b gmail-bb gmail-mb-md gmail-mt-none gmail-pt-lg gmail-pb-lg" style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-left:0px;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:32px;padding-bottom:32px;display:flex;box-sizing:initial;min-height:298px"><div class="gmail-center gmail-absolute gmail-w-100" style="text-align:center;width:713.109px"><div class="gmail-dib gmail-flex gmail-divider gmail-gray-dark gmail-pl-xs gmail-pr-xs gmail-font-sans-serif gmail-light gmail-font-xxxxs gmail-lh-md" style="color:rgb(102,102,102);padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;font-family:Franklin,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.25;display:flex"></div></div><div class="gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-flex-column gmail-justify-center gmail-w-100 gmail-chromatic-ignore" style="width:713.109px;display:flex;min-height:250px;min-width:300px"><div id="gmail-moatPxCont468958" style="width:713.109px;height:250px"></div><div id="gmail-moatPxCont468958" style="width:713.109px;height:250px"></div><div id="gmail-moatPxCont468958" style="width:713.109px;height:250px"></div><div id="gmail-moatPxCont468958" style="width:713.109px;height:250px"></div><span id="gmail-slug_inline_bb_3" aria-hidden="true" style="display:block;min-height:250px;margin:auto;width:300px"><div id="gmail-google_ads_iframe_/701/wpni.science/animals_12__container__" style="border:0pt none"></div></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">“If this is going to work, it can be very fast and very cheap,” van der Poel said. “And that would be very convenient.”</p></div></div><div><p style="margin:0px"><span class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-hide-for-print gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md gmail-db gmail-italic gmail-interstitial" style="margin:0px;padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem;font-style:italic;display:block"><span style="color:rgb(42,42,42);font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal">While researchers are also examining </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03149-9" target="_blank" style="font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">whether dogs could be used</a><span style="color:rgb(42,42,42);font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal"> to detect the coronavirus, van der Poel said he thought scientists could more easily test samples with several bees than several dogs, given the relative ease of handling bees. </span><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210416120121.htm" target="_blank" style="font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">A study</a><span style="color:rgb(42,42,42);font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal"> published by the University of Pennsylvania last month suggested that dogs can detect the coronavirus with 96 percent accuracy.</span><br></span></p></div><div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">Dirk de Graaf, a professor who studies bees at Ghent University in Belgium, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/oddly-enough/bees-netherlands-trained-detect-covid-19-infections-2021-05-06/#:~:text=Oddly%20EnoughBees%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20trained%20to%20detect%20COVID%2D19%20infections&text=Dutch%20researchers%20have%20trained%20bees,test%20results%20to%20just%20seconds" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">told Reuters</a> he was skeptical that coronavirus-sniffing bees would replace lab tests.</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">“It is a good idea, but I would prefer to carry out tests using the classic diagnostic tools rather than using honeybees for this,” he said. “I am a huge bee lover, but I would use the bees for other purposes than detecting covid-19.”</p></div></div><div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem">In addition to identifying diseases, animals — including dogs, wasps and <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2233645-cyborg-grasshoppers-have-been-engineered-to-sniff-out-explosives/" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">grasshoppers</a> — have long been used to detect explosives. Researchers working for the U.S. Department of Defense <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/13/us/bees-learning-smell-of-bombs-with-backing-from-pentagon.html" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(25,85,165);text-decoration-line:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(213,213,213)">began to study the concept</a>, known as “insect sniffing,” in the late 1990s.</p></div></div><div><p class="gmail-font--article-body gmail-font-copy gmail-gray-darkest gmail-ma-0 gmail-pb-md" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(42,42,42);padding-bottom:24px;font-family:georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.6;font-size:1.25rem"><br><br></p></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"></div><div dir="ltr">Laurie Davies Adams</div><div dir="ltr"><span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><font size="2">Director of Programs</font></span></p><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Pollinator Partnership</span><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Transamerica Pyramid<br>600 Montgomery Street, Suite 440<br>San Francisco, CA 94111</div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font size="2"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">e:  </span><font color="#0b5394"><a href="mailto:lda@pollinator.org" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">LDA@pollinator.org</span></a></font></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font size="2"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">w:  </span><span style="text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><a href="http://www.pollinator.org" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank">www.pollinator.org</a></span></font></p><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">o: 415.362.1137</p><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><font size="2">c: 415.260.8092</font></span><span style="font-size:14.6667px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ThePollinatorPartnership" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.6667px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/qFvFCWMd7ZB9TM_LTVdhWsdArNsUDMW59Vi8rJ7gNA7RNb-K0KMroCYBtke2Nf3mZeKPh264BhJoFbuEYxeDTfQmTCyzm7-ATcBBjGE0AAE3qKIMwouoSpETJTbAz_HciMqBu3o" width="40px;" height="40px;" style="border:none" alt="facebook.jpg"></span></a><a href="http://twitter.com/Pollinator" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.6667px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/3tI8vtmJi_iMnB5jrgaZzGfcca46bGXziB3Ds7h9Gogn_oGHv3GSRVAnCocajGHqQgwzZpC7mouiUMBLaeQTdmfbns9AWNaLUnOKTJFD503VaRu_e-MFi6knsT91HYyC_TLtGQY" width="40px;" height="40px;" style="border:none"></span></a><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PollinatorOrg/about" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.6667px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/a2oQfAJ0Z9-1MGD-mrRp3X-81YwVDnKLQQAYc4R9svRUZT5hPJBX1r1DbcOliQ8VRpQTDBB8Xy7qLynmgCqL2LiXte8UIbc1I_f-f6SbUWY4HheeFvReSlhbGH9YC_yTZ5IxuiI" width="40px;" height="40px;" style="border:none"></span></a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PollinatorPartners" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.6667px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/cVPc0lFK0KKdsuSZEfOJCuWAqfijIdHXSs5_VL3kk6cKodRs9hPbtTZUfLjNZ2bMSSW4YRimaAGzDSwNT9xLJEAlpdcptobYJbd3hZJ-RFCfoJeRoa3CjCgJF72LwjvcTuLUlsk" width="40px;" height="40px;" style="border:none"></span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="http://pollinator.org/index.html" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/zZyBlTpFQjYniFpnMQmc-RrBI2Rpe9U5uKaWfoKoMYek1ugA57_o8RKohSjfJo2JvAfqHKzkZ_Yo_Sqviy3IItch11tROejbCPxaLZ6GmWOfTP9NRiqw41r0FXUzkioCYDi40tA" width="117px;" height="52px;" style="border:none"></span></a><span style="text-decoration:underline;font-size:13.3333px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><a href="http://pollinator.org//million-pollinator-garden-challenge.htm" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/xvJTiXlf4_2FrLoy25N8mA58EWUhf0bq_7y0O_Mpgry4fDA03xNJOoSBdIKNJlElTT7wBuaZlah8bDxdn3I-PqkLByXUHbAwatAt3NTGd32GxNkPlq7pSsUjHQ0XsTNGajnAGV8" width="60px;" height="60px;" style="border:none"><br></a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="text-decoration:underline;font-size:13.3333px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><a href="http://pollinator.org//million-pollinator-garden-challenge.htm" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank"><br></a></span></p><div dir="ltr"><img src="https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalImages/ProjectWingspan_Logo.2019.FINAL.jpg" width="85" height="96"><font size="2"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1BJg07rYsttwFERDmOxIT_yxn_hHSQ51y&revid=0BymBLcwLxZ5qVGFsaWUzcmwvckpwUFovSk1rWEtxSzJ2M0JJPQ" width="95" height="96"></font></div></span><span><div dir="ltr"><b>Bee Friendly Farming</b> is good for farmers and for pollinators.  <br></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"><a href="http://pollinator.org//million-pollinator-garden-challenge.htm" target="_blank"></a></span></p><div><font size="2">Find out more at <a href="http://www.pollinator.org/BFF" target="_blank">www.pollinator.org/BFF </a></font></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>