[Pollinator] SF Chronicle: Bees and Our Diet on the Brink

[Jennifer Tsang]

http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/02/national/a110745D58.
DTL


Bees and Our Diet on the Brink


By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer

Wednesday, May 2, 2007

(05-02) 11:07 PDT Beltsville, Md. (AP) -- 

Unless someone or something stops it soon, the mysterious killer that is
wiping out many of the nation's honeybees could have a devastating effect on
America's dinner plate, perhaps even reducing us to a glorified
bread-and-water diet.

Honeybees don't just make honey; they pollinate more than 90 of the tastiest
flowering crops we have.

Among them: apples, nuts, avocados, soybeans, asparagus, broccoli, celery,
squash and cucumbers. And lots of the really sweet and tart stuff, too,
including citrus fruit, peaches, kiwi, cherries, blueberries, cranberries,
strawberries, cantaloupe and other melons.

In fact, about one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated
plants, and the honeybee is responsible for 80 percent of that pollination,
according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Even cattle, which feed on alfalfa, depend on bees. So if the collapse
worsens, we could end up being "stuck with grains and water," said Kevin
Hackett, the national program leader for USDA's bee and pollination program.

"This is the biggest general threat to our food supply," Hackett said.

While not all scientists foresee a food crisis, noting that large-scale bee
die-offs have happened before, this one seems particularly baffling and
alarming.

U.S. beekeepers in the past few months have lost one-quarter of their
colonies - or about five times the normal winter losses - because of what
scientists have dubbed Colony Collapse Disorder. The problem started in
November and seems to have spread to 27 states, with similar collapses
reported in Brazil, Canada and parts of Europe.

Scientists are struggling to figure out what is killing the honeybees, and
early results of a key study this week point to some kind of disease or
parasite.

Even before this disorder struck, America's honeybees were in trouble. Their
numbers were steadily shrinking, because their genes do not equip them to
fight poisons and disease very well, and because their gregarious nature
exposes them to ailments that afflict thousands of their close cousins.

"Quite frankly, the question is whether the bees can weather this perfect
storm," Hackett said. "Do they have the resilience to bounce back? We'll
know probably by the end of the summer."

Experts from Brazil and Europe have joined in the detective work at USDA's
bee lab in suburban Washington. In recent weeks, Hackett briefed Vice
President Cheney's office on the problem. Congress has held hearings on the
matter.

"This crisis threatens to wipe out production of crops dependent on bees for
pollination," Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns said in a statement.

A congressional study said honeybees add about $15 billion a year in value
to our food supply.

Of the 17,000 species of bees that scientists know about, "honeybees are,
for many reasons, the pollinator of choice for most North American crops," a
National Academy of Sciences study said last year. They pollinate many types
of plants, repeatedly visit the same plant, and recruit other honeybees to
visit, too.

Pulitzer Prize-winning insect biologist E.O. Wilson of Harvard said the
honeybee is nature's "workhorse - and we took it for granted."

"We've hung our own future on a thread," Wilson, author of the book "The
Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth," told The Associated Press on
Monday.

Beginning this past fall, beekeepers would open up their hives and find no
workers, just newborn bees and the queen. Unlike past bee die-offs, where
dead bees would be found near the hive, this time they just disappeared. The
die-off takes just one to three weeks.

USDA's top bee scientist, Jeff Pettis, who is coordinating the detective
work on this die-off, has more suspected causes than time, people and money
to look into them.

The top suspects are a parasite, an unknown virus, some kind of bacteria,
pesticides, or a one-two combination of the top four, with one weakening the
honeybee and the second killing it.

A quick experiment with some of the devastated hives makes pesticides seem
less likely. In the recent experiment, Pettis and colleagues irradiated some
hard-hit hives and reintroduced new bee colonies. More bees thrived in the
irradiated hives than in the non-irradiated ones, pointing toward some kind
of disease or parasite that was killed by radiation.

The parasite hypothesis has history and some new findings to give it a
boost: A mite practically wiped out the wild honeybee in the U.S. in the
1990s. And another new one-celled parasitic fungus was found last week in a
tiny sample of dead bees by University of California San Francisco molecular
biologist Joe DeRisi, who isolated the human SARS virus.

However, Pettis and others said while the parasite nosema ceranae may be a
factor, it cannot be the sole cause. The fungus has been seen before,
sometimes in colonies that were healthy.

Recently, scientists have begun to wonder if mankind is too dependent on
honeybees. The scientific warning signs came in two reports last October.

First, the National Academy of Sciences said pollinators, especially
America's honeybee, were under threat of collapse because of a variety of
factors. Captive colonies in the United States shrank from 5.9 million in
1947 to 2.4 million in 2005.

Then, scientists finished mapping the honeybee genome and found that the
insect did not have the normal complement of genes that take poisons out of
their systems or many immune-disease-fighting genes. A fruitfly or a
mosquito has twice the number of genes to fight toxins, University of
Illinois entomologist May Berenbaum.

What the genome mapping revealed was "that honeybees may be peculiarly
vulnerable to disease and toxins," Berenbaum said.

University of Montana bee expert Jerry Bromenshenk has surveyed more than
500 beekeepers and found that 38 percent of them had losses of 75 percent or
more. A few weeks back, Bromenshenk was visiting California beekeepers and
saw a hive that was thriving. Two days later, it had completely collapsed.

Yet Bromenshenk said, "I'm not ready to panic yet." He said he doesn't think
a food crisis is looming.

Even though experts this year gave what's happening a new name and think
this is a new type of die-off, it may have happened before.

Bromenshenk said cited die-offs in the 1960s and 1970s that sound somewhat
the same. There were reports of something like this in the United States in
spots in 2004, Pettis said. And Germany had something similar in 2004, said
Peter Neumann, co-chairman of a 17-country European research group studying
the problem.

"The problem is that everyone wants a simple answer," Pettis said. "And it
may not be a simple answer."

___

On the Net:

Colony Collapse Disorder Web page by the Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research
and Extension Consortium:

National Academy of Sciences study on pollinators:

 <http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/ColonyCollapseDisorder.html>
maarec.cas.psu.edu/ColonyCollapseDisorder.html

 <http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id11761>
www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id11761

 

 

Jennifer Tsang
Coevolution Institute <http://coevolution.org> 
423 Washington St. 5th Fl.
San Francisco, CA 94111-2339
T: 415.362.1137

F: 415.362.3070

www.nappc.org

www.pollinator.org

 

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